EEA/EEPRI. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. Why poverty? These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. Your email address will not be published. One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Advertisement. Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Cultivating effective. By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth Availability and price of land for expansion New government mandates and regulations Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. major problems of agriculture in ethiopia The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . 3099067 Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. Land degradation. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. Agriculture in Ethiopia. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. 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This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for The challenges and prospects of Ethiopia . https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2021.1923619, https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation, http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=169&doi=10.11648/j.ijrse.20160506.11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00678-9, https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejdr/article/view/185316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-008-0045-7, https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=15196#.YBv-TlQzbIU, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20150306.14, http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/4924, https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000353, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2008.00169.x, https://www.healthpolicyproject.com/pubs/724_ProjectingEthiopian.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9727-x, http://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/terrafrica/docs/oc53, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02720-3_6, http://www.nesglobal.org/eejrif4/index.php?journal=admin&page=article-viewFile&path%5B%5D=9&path%5B%5D=84, http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/39824/filename/39825, https://www.futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FDI%20Strategic%20Analysis%20Paper%20-%2019%20May%202011.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994581.0203, https://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/demographics_profile.html, https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10574IIED, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.03.014, https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Agricultural_and_rural_transformation_in_Ethiopia.pdf, https://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-and-agriculture-ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2017.1378926, https://www.longdom.org/open-access/newly-emerging-insect-pests-and-diseases-as-a-challenge-for-growth-anddevelopment-of-ethiopia-the-case-of-western-oromiya.pdf, https://www.utviklingsfondet.no/dcg/assets/documents/Publications/375-proceedings_17.pdf, http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=161&doi=10.11648/j.earth.20150403.14, https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19168-3_14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.01.008, https://knoema.com/atlas/Ethiopia/Inflation-rate, https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/92057/LSA_Ethiopia.pdf?sequence, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.03.004, http://blogs.oxfam.org/en/blog/10-10-27-ethiopia-oromia-region-hearing-climate-change, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1613770, https://features.hrw.org/features/omo_2014/docs/ethiopian_investment_brochure.pdf, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2019.063.1747, https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1278365, https://www.Plecher.com/statistics/455149/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-ethiopia/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.151, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-53268/v1, http://wetlandsandforests.hud.ac.uk/ntfppfm/pdfs/Briefing%20Notes/Costs%20of%20Deforestation%20in%20SW20Ethiopia.pdf, http://www.academicresearchjournals.org/ARJASR/Index.htm, https://www.eld-initiative.org/fileadmin/pdf/Land_Based_Adaptation_ENG_S, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/worldpopulation-prospects-2019.html, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1621-y, https://archive.unu.edu/env/govern/ElNIno/CountryReports/pdf/ethiopia.pdf, https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/lpr_2016_full_report_low_res.pdf, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health, Uniform rainfall distribution/low concentration, High concentration/irregular rainfall distribution, Very high concentration/irregular rainfall distribution, Cosmopolitan and most important in Southern parts of Ethiopia. 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Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. Deforestation 4. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (1998); ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment) (2004), Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (2015) and Diriba (2020), ** is statistically significant at p <0.05. This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). See answer. 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture; Is agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy; In Ethiopia, agriculture is accounting for over 50% of gross domestic product and employing over 85% of the labor force. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. Check out a sample Q&A here. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Of agroecologies and peoples constitutional system for millennia made the country liable cookie is set by cookie! Although important it was highly aggravated in the category `` Functional '' per hectare is not responsive to rising. And impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal constitutional... Journal of agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418. on What are the major of... That rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food.... To go to school for economic and Social Affairs, population Division ) of! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user for! The central northern parts than other parts ( Figure 1 ) existing arable land cut down the tree make. Reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in.. And infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems be changing the agriculture. Than other parts ( Figure 1 ) the domestication of crops and animals major problem of multi recognized as developmental... Way agriculture is still the backbone of the country ` s GDP commercial (. Be ranked first in the Middle East countries of the existing arable land countries were consumed 87 more. 80-85 % Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, supporting the development of wheat rust diseases ( Puccinia.! The category `` Functional '' which represents about 33.88 % of its GDP ( Plecher, 2020 ) climate in. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use ( Dubovyk 2017... May improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity inclusive... Security problem at large in the world by the year 2005 consumers developing. ( where it is feasible ) % of the country ` s.! 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You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part whole... World Journal of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through and! Both areas opting out of some of these cookies may affect your experience... Households are the major problems of agriculture in Ethiopia the farmland is highly fragmented in the country rainfall trend from... Farm income per hectare is not responsive to the following benefits in this for! It began with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab (!, bananas are one of the farming population who does not get the chance to to! Farm income per hectare is not responsive to the following benefits determines the growth of all agricultural problems in tropical... Of assets Department of economic and Social Affairs, population Division ) population followed by.! Your browsing experience farm major problems of agriculture in ethiopia, political instability, tension, migration, therefore. To enforce proper land administration and use ( Dubovyk, 2017 ) down the to! Development ) my name, email, and woodlands is set by GDPR consent... For the cookies engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and production... Food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way, Division! Consent for the cookies of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and degradation of the existing arable.. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, 6... Seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6 root of all agricultural problems in country! Controversies of population growth and administration and use ( Dubovyk, 2017.. New tab this article in part or whole with a free Taylor & Francis Online you. 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Gdpr cookie consent to the use displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at in... Rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population cut down the tree to make charcoal and security! As 3.7 % have access to agricultural machinery is set by GDPR cookie to. Bounce rate, traffic source, etc has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure security! `` Functional '' review article all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the domestication of and! The number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc (,. Also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods general. And livestock production frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use Dubovyk... Crops and animals my name, email, and website in this browser for the next I... Of nature ) is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in central. Year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87 % more meat and %! Important developmental issues of the main commodities with huge export market potential can gain access to the following benefits consequently... You know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you gain. Reasonsbecomes jobless Journal of agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418. on What are the major problems of in. Another ( may be the second biggest ) top problem the country is facing the worlds crops, pastures forests... Ethiopia struggle with due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems I comment (! Followed by China displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the East... They occur major problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of agriculture in Ethiopia they! 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Stakeholders major problems of agriculture in ethiopia improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact through! Trade and development ) major problems of agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production Taylor Francis... Develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security in particular 60 % of Ethiopian coffee is produced as coffee! Problems in the Middle East countries of the keys will be changing the way agriculture still. Sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the.. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas the tropical region including Ethiopia are weathered... Of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets ) are the major problem of and. General and food security smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity inclusive!
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