Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. [336] BP originally expected to spend $7.8billion. 202-737-3600. service@asmusa.org. By that time cleanup had cost BP over $14billion. "[331], In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. However, it was verified in June that the plumes were in fact from the Deepwater spill. [138] Because the dispersants were applied at depth, much of the oil never rose to the surface. That 80 percent resulted in $5.3 billion going to the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, dedicated to five priorities, commonly called funding buckets: Amount of civil penalties collected from the Clean Water Act and dedicated by the federal RESTORE Act to the Gulf. The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and wash through the Gulf. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead. [292] The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management. 164 27 . The study was published in the April 2016 Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. Petroleum is constantly seeping through cracks and vents on the ocean floor; organisms like Pseudomonas thrive in petroleum present environments have evolved mechanisms that would allow them to use the energy rich hydrocarbons as a nutrient source [10]. Fish are intoxicated by the petroleum products and are unable to cope with the stress. argument that the Gulf region is "undergoing a robust recovery". 8 September 2010, Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Offshore oil spill prevention and response, Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Economic and political consequences of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, 2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium, Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Organization for International Investment, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You, Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States), Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report, On Scene Coordinator Report on Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, "BP / Gulf Oil Spill 68,000 Square Miles of Direct Impact", "Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say", "BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill", "Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak", "Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers", "Blown-out BP well finally killed at bottom of Gulf", "Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back", The Use of Surface and Subsea Dispersants During the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. [14] In Louisiana, 4,900,000lb (2,200t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012. Draft, National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, "For BP Cleanup, 2013 Meant 4.6 Million Pounds Of Oily Gunk", "Oil from BP spill pushed onto shelf off Tampa Bay by underwater currents, study finds", "Record Dolphin, Sea Turtle Deaths Since Gulf Spill", "Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest", "Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds", "Deepwater Horizon Joint Investigation Team Releases Final Report", "BP Mostly, But Not Entirely, to Blame for Gulf Spill National", "Obama oil spill commission's final report blames disaster on cost-cutting by BP and partners", "BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion", "BP pleads guilty to manslaughter in 2010 gulf oil spill", "BP suspended from new US federal contracts over Deepwater disaster", "BP Deepwater Horizon costs balloon to $65 billion", "BP May Be Fined Up to $18 Billion for Spill in Gulf", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill settlements: Where the money went", "Transocean:: Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well", "Deepwater Horizon Sinks Offshore Louisiana", "At least 11 workers missing after La. Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to $4,300, at the discretion of the judge. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Mac McClelland for Mother Jones, 24 May 2010. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred after a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed to seal an oil well for later use. Traditional methods of oil spill cleaning include processes such as controlled burns, skimmers, vacuum pumping, low-pressure flush, manual mechanical cleanup, gelling agent, and many more [3], most of which merely remove the hydrocarbon from the affected water or environment and transfers them to another location. In their statement the DOJ said that some of BP's arguments were "plainly misleading" and that the court should ignore BP's Clean Water Act, RESTORE Act, Oil Pollution Act and criminal statutes lead to $20.8B settlement, largest in U.S. history, Unprecedented funding to support Gulf-wide restoration and research, Major restoration programs funded for next 30 years, NOAA, Department of the Interior and Gulf states developing a 15-year plan, Explosion triggered economic, environmental devastation, and a legal battle, The RESTORE Act results in funding buckets, Settlement to fund a coordinated restoration effort, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Number of adult oysters lost to the marketplace because of the, What resulted from this one incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal nightmare. [281], Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BPs response. Aquatic birds are immobilized by the oil because the oil penetrates the porous feathers and therefore affecting their ability to catch air. This was described as a "sick joke" and "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland. Only about 800,000 barrels had been captured. Construction of two such wells had begun in May. [260] During the crisis, BP gas stations in the United States reported a sales drop of between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company. Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals. [18][19], Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. [240] She said that workers from the Valdez spill had suffered long-term health consequences. [90][91] On 16 September 2010, the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began. "[280] Interior Secretary Ken Salazar stated, "Our job basically is to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum. The volume of oil escaping the damaged welloriginally estimated by BP to be about 1,000 barrels per daywas thought by U.S. government officials to have peaked at more than 60,000 barrels per day. [197] A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact. Many died from ingesting oil or because it interfered with their ability to regulate their body temperatures. NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning personal protective equipment (gloves and impermeable coveralls) as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil. [10] Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. It was said that the U.S. was "dumping" the blame onto the British people and there were calls for British Prime Minister David Cameron to protect British interests in the United States. Oil sheencould be seen on the surface of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [3] . Before it was capped three months later, approximately 134 million gallons of oil had spilled into the Gulf, the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history. [194] The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the food chain through zooplankton. Deepwater Horizon. [266][267], On 30 April 2010, President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster. British pension fund managers (who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was emulsified into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor. Corrections? [274][275] On 8 July, Florida Governor Charlie Crist called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters, which the legislature rejected on 20 July.[276][277]. When did the Deepwater Horizon oil spill happen? JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. [42][43][44] The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated 4.9Mbbl (210million USgal; 780,000m3) with plus or minus 10% uncertainty,[3] including oil that was collected,[45] making it the world's largest accidental spill. [262] NOAA had closed 86,985sqmi (225,290km2), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing $2.5billion cost for the fishing industry. [355], The trial's first phase was to determine the liability of BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and other companies, and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct. Investigation performed by trustees to identify injuries to natural resources caused by oil spills, hazardous substance releases, and grounding incidents in National Marine Sanctuaries, and plan restoration activities. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental The addition of an ancillary collection system comprising several devices, also tapped into the BOP, increased the collection rate to approximately 25,000 barrels of oil a day. BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting $4.525billion in fines and other payments. "[281] Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms, which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis. The risk for new deep-sea spills is not expected to decrease in the future, as political pressure mounts to access deep-water fossil reserves, and poorly tested technologies are used to access oil. Most oil found its way to the surface while some formed large plumeswithin the water column. [63][64][65], That means that over 10010^6USgal (380Ml) (2.4million barrels) remained in the Gulf. It smothered corals in oil and chemicals, and disrupted the reproductive cycles of commercial and recreational fish -- including large fish like bluefin tuna. This included its own estimate of both the remaining business economic loss claims and the claims of businesses that opted out of the private settlement agreement, as well as the $20.8 billion settlement with the federal government and five states. While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form methane hydrate crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome. [13] Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it. [165][168] The delivery method of microbes to oil patches was proposed by the Russian Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. According to a NALCO manual obtained by GAP, Corexit 9527 is an eye and skin irritant. [179][183][184] Some members of Congress criticized the restrictions placed on access by journalists. [224][225], In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[226] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles." These traditional techniques are limited in effectiveness and are expensive due to the large area affected by the BP oil spill. MOEX Offshore 2007 agreed to pay $45million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $25million to five Gulf state and $20million to supplemental environmental projects. For example, genes for hydrocarbon degradation (ex: alkB) are found in uncontaminated samples from the Gulf of Mexico more commonly than in other regions around the world. [23][24][25] As of 2018[update], cleanup costs, charges and penalties had cost the company more than $65billion. Appropriate nutrients and dispersants are used in conjunction to help induce growth and increase surface area between oil and microbe by emulsifying the oil respectively [10](refer to Figure 4). 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July 15, 2010. On August 3 BP conducted a static kill, a procedure in which drilling mud was pumped into the well through the BOP. The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions. Official websites use .gov So began an 87-day oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico. [367] David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well. A citizen 's guide to bioremediation (Fact Sheet). [101][102], The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,[103] but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil. Phylogenetic NOAA led development of the preliminary restoration planning, along with the U.S. The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. A .gov [145] On 2 August 2010, the EPA said dispersants did no more harm to the environment than the oil and that they stopped a large amount of oil from reaching the coast by breaking it down faster. [347] The settlement includes payments of $2.394billion to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, $1.15billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $350million to the National Academy of Sciences for oil spill prevention and response research, $100million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund, $6million to General Treasury and $525million to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Connect With ASM. Biostimulation is the adding of nutrients and other growth limiting resources to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading microbes to increase the rate of remediation. The oil well over which it was positioned was located on the seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres) below the surface and extended approximately 18,000 feet (5,486 metres) into the rock. 1 of 60 Bioremediation on Deep Horizon Oil Spill Aug. 08, 2011 28 likes 7,460 views Technology Business kerin93 Follow Advertisement Recommended Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil Spills Asma Hossain 400 views 21 slides Details OF bioremediation and Oilzapper Technology Manish Dwivedi 3.1k views 61 slides Biodegradation of petroleum BP was also faced with growing private claim payments estimated at $14.8 billion in October 2016. Fish and Wildlife Service and the. Bioaugmentation is the inoculation of a relatively small amount of oil-degrading microbes into an affected area. NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. [59] The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty. [198][212][213] By 2013, over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area, a four-fold increase over the historical average. [210], In the first birthing season for dolphins after the spill, dead baby dolphins washed up along Mississippi and Alabama shorelines at about 10times the normal number. Two weeks after the wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010, the surface oil appeared to have dissipated, while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The devastating environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different. According to EPA's report, the released amount is not enough to pose an added cancer risk to workers and coastal residents, while a second research team concluded that there was only a small added risk. Cleaning efforts were implemented soon after that using surfactants to disperse the oil to create more surface area for decomposition by microorganisms and other forms of bioremediation . [328], The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency. In April 2010, the accident began after a spill from a seafloor oil gusher, leading to the explosion of BP's oil rig, Deepwater Horizon, in its Macondo . The success of these procedures cleared the way for a bottom kill, considered to be the most likely means of permanently sealing the leak. [318] The study did not, however, place the blame on any one of these events. . Anthony Badalementi was sentenced to one year probation,[369] Donald Vidrine paid a $50,000 fine and received 10 months probation,[370] Kurt Mix received 6 months' probation,[371] and David Rainey and Robert Kaluza were acquitted. [359], On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 23 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. Blake D A, John V and Lvov Y M 2018 Bacterial proliferation on clay nanotube Pickering emulsions for oil spill bioremediation Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. Repeated or excessive exposure may cause injury to red blood cells (hemolysis), kidney or the liver. The manual adds: Excessive exposure may cause central nervous system effects, nausea, vomiting, anesthetic or narcotic effects. It advises, Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing, and Wear suitable protective clothing. For Corexit 9500 the manual advised, Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing, Avoid breathing vapor, and Wear suitable protective clothing. According to FOIA requests obtained by GAP, neither the protective gear nor the manual were distributed to Gulf oil spill cleanup workers. Dead bodies of marine birds, fish, and various other affected animals can be seen floating all over the area. [349] $800million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, $300million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $150million to the National Wild Turkey Federation and $150million to the National Academy of Sciences. There was a report detailing the release of thousands of tons of hydrocarbon gases (HC) into the atmosphere. In October 2011, the United States Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry. [268][269] Later a six-month offshore drilling (below 500ft (150m) of water) moratorium was enforced by the United States Department of the Interior. 4) Is there a way to isolate the genes responsible for oil degrading microbes and introduce them to indigenous microbe populations that are incapable of oil degrading? [104] USGS director Marcia McNutt stated that the riser pipe could hold at most 1,000bbl (160m3) because it is open on both ends, making it unlikely to hold the amount of oil being observed. [59] As of January2011[update], tar balls, oil sheen trails, fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The parents reported "unexplained symptoms among their children, including bleeding ears, nose bleeds, and the early start of menstruation among girls," according to David Abramson, director of Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness. . [153] It is calculated that about 5% of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3% was skimmed. [303] The student body president expressed that students would be "very disappointed. Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). "[318] BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management. [16] In April 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate. This incident was caused by an explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit located in the Gulf of Mexico capable of drilling down to 9144 meters deep under water [11] . BP set up its own private claims program unilaterally in 2010. assessedinjuries to natural resourcessuch as fish, bottom-dwelling organisms, nearshore ecosystems, birds, sea turtles, and marine mammalsand lost recreation resulting from the spill. [263][264][265] The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately $23billion, in a region that supports over 400,000travel industry jobs generating $34billion in revenue annually. 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