Live birth odds in the multivariable-adjusted analysis was higher among women in the second tertile of soy intake, consuming 264755mg/d of soy isoflavones (OR: 187; 95% CI 112, 314) and among women in the third tertile of soy intake, consuming 7562789mg/d of isoflavones (OR: 177; 95% CI 103, 303) compared with no consumption, but without a significant linear trend. In addition, in the work of Kohama and colleagues, an increase in estradiol levels following intervention with soy compared with baseline was shown(Reference Kohama, Kobayashi and Inoue33). Isoflavones also bind to ER receptor, albeit with lower affinity. Those women eating or taking soy isoflavones were more likely to get pregnant. The reduction of estradiol and progesterone could postpone ovulation by lengthening the menstrual cycle. Soy is a very popular food and its consumption is part of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries. 2. However, stratification for the control group or PCOS patients did not show a significant correlation between androgens and equol production. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. However, for articles selection, we used search engines both for scientific literature and specific for clinical trials, without filters application that could have limited the results. The phytoestrogen actions of soy isoflavones may increase estrogen levels in the body and induce ovulation in women, thus, may speed up the process of pregnancy. The ethnicity assessment of participants was useful in identifying, as might be expected, a greater consumption of soy foods by Asian individuals. Get company information for Twins Club, Inc. in RANCHO CUCAMONGA, CA. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer promoters or protectors? Besides, the lack of a placebo group warrants caution. This effect persisted for at least one menstrual cycle after the suspension of soy intake, with a maximum of persistence for three menstrual cycles. This allowed to exclude the already summarised articles in meta-analysis from a detailed discussion. Currently, data are insufficient to assess the effect of early-stage soy exposure on fertility-related outcomes. Major equol production was associated with a reduction in androgens levels (total testosterone, free testosterone and androstenedione), in the whole cohort. However, because of the paucity of studies exploring the impact of soy intake on women's fertility, as well as the limited population sample size, the frequently incomplete specimens collection to investigate all cycle phases and the insufficient characterisation of participants, the evidence is suggestive and it needs further in-depth research taking into account all these aspects. They have been dubbed "the natural Clomid," As they work in pretty much an identical manner. Adapted from Moher, Main cellular mechanism for isoflavones. The only study found about the effect of exposure to soy in childhood and reproductive functions is the retrospective study by Strom and colleagues(Reference Strom, Schinnar and Ziegler30). Likewise, equol-producers showed lower AMH levels in the whole cohort as well as in participants in PCOS or control groups. The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. The clinical trial was limited to a small sample size, lacking of control/placebo group and there was no characterisation of equol-competence. The advantages of observational cohort studies include longer times and wider population samples. In addition, other studies investigated the urinary concentrations of isoflavones and metabolites, including equol(Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman39,Reference Levine, Kim and Purdue-Smithe45) . Excretion of daidzein and its metabolites dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin (3601, 314 and 227mg, respectively) accounted for 421% of daidzein ingested. Notably, during manuscript preparation, Messina and colleagues published a technical review on endocrine effect of soy and isoflavones(Reference Messina, Mejia and Cassidy90). Furthermore, the use of spot urine samples for BPA quantification may have underestimated its exposure. Bora, Shabana The purpose of this review is to collect currently available data in literature, summarising the possible interaction between soy, soy foods and components of soy (in particular isoflavones) on aspects concerning women's fertility and related outcomes. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis, Neither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: an expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studies, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women, Effects of soya consumption for one month on steroid hormones in premenopausal women: implications for breast cancer risk reduction, Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women, Effects of soy foods on ovarian function in premenopausal women, Decreased ovarian hormones during a soya diet: Implications for breast cancer prevention, Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood, High dose of phytoestrogens can reverse the antiestrogenic effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrium in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination: a randomized trial, Phytoestrogens may improve the pregnancy rate in in vitro fertilizationembryo transfer cycles: a prospective, controlled, randomized trial, The effect of soybeans on the anovulatory cycle, Is there a role for soy isoflavones in the therapeutic approach to polycystic ovary syndrome? Publication types Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH terms Isoflavones show several biological properties, acting as selective tissue estrogenic activity regulators (STEARs), thanks to the differential distribution pattern of estrogen receptors in body tissues(Reference Matthews and Gustafsson13) and the differentiated affinity between the two isoforms of estrogen receptors, called alpha and beta. Although this clinical trial showed the long-term effect of soy ingestion on serum hormone levels, it was a pilot study with a limited number of participants (fourteen premenopausal women). Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for Lucky Twins Distribution of Rancho Cucamonga, CA. Estradiol levels showed increased plasma concentrations during the intervention period among premenopausal women (n: 14) in both luteal and follicular phases (composite menstrual cycle assessment). M. A. S. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. Based on our literature search, we also identified two observational studies: a cross-sectional study published in 1997 by Nagata et al. Soy supplementation also appears to affect thyroid function in an inconsistent manner, as studies have shown both increases and decreases in the same parameters of thyroid activity. To put this into perspective, a 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving of firm, calcium-set tofu offers about 60 mg of soy isoflavones, while 1 cup (240 mL) of soy milk contains only about 28 mg. Women who also have the problem of irregular periods can consume these isoflavones to get much-needed relief. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. However, in the work of Filiberto and colleagues(Reference Filiberto, Mumford and Pollack37), even if the correlation between isoflavones and the increase in SHBG was highlighted, the dosage of estradiol and free estradiol did not show significant correlations, although the estimate of free estradiol was done through Sodergard's formula(Reference Sdergrd, Bckstrm and Shanbhag61), so a direct dosage would be more reliable. There is a limited trend in estradiol reduction related to soy consumption; however, in their interventional study, Petrakis and colleagues observed an unusual increase of estradiol levels(Reference Petrakis, Barnes and King25). The procedure was carried out following the most recent PRISMA guidelines(Reference Liberati, Altman and Tetzlaff23). In addition, full-text bibliographic lists from selected papers were screened to retrieve further relevant articles. The beneficial efficacy of soy is often attributed to the presence of isoflavones, capable of mitigating the excesses of endogenous estrogens, through the competition with estrogen receptors or by the activation of receptors, in the presence of low levels of endogenous estrogens. Nevertheless, these studies often suffer difficulties in evaluating individual effectiveness as well as in identifying possible confounding factors and population characteristics (ethnicity, health conditions, equol-competence, etc.). Soy has been used to treat certain symptoms of menopause (such as hot flashes) and to help prevent bone loss ( osteoporosis ).Some supplement products have been found to contain possibly . PMID: 35320928. In the first of the two papers by Lu and colleagues(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26), the intake of 36 Oz/d of soy milk (~200mg/d IF) for 1 month caused a reduction in mean estradiol levels of 31% at days 57, P=009; 81% at days 1214, P=003; 49% at days 2022, P=002, compared with the baseline. Fertility is defined by the number of offspring produced by an individual. Among the six women in the first clinical trial(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26), the intervention with soy also led to a significant reduction in dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels (23%, P=003), an intermediary in estradiol synthesis. If we eat soy, do we keep the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet? However, in multiple regression analysis, this reduction seemed to be significantly associated with the intake of genistein and daidzein or their concentration in urine. In particular, information about the adequate choice of updated nutritional tables as well as specific nutritional choices, such as increased soy consumption due to pre-existing socio-cultural and physiological aspects should be collected. The use of urinary phytoestrogens and their metabolites is a more reliable system compared to the evaluation of dietary intake. No significant differences were appreciated for free testosterone and DHEAS. However, the number of combined participants of the two studies was very limited (n: 40). Corrections for confounding factors, such as diet, demographics, lifestyle factors, age, body composition and ethnicity, indicated reliable analysis. Measurement of urinary isoflavones and their metabolites appears to be a more reliable approach than dietary assessment alone. For the remaining papers, the full texts were retrieved for the final evaluation and inclusion in the summary. In a logical perspective, the effect of soy cannot be attributed to the effect of its isoflavones alone. Similarly, the duration of interventions is limited and equol-producers have not been identified. Overall, soy and soy components consumption do not seem to perturb healthy women's fertility and can have a favourable effect among subjects seeking pregnancy. The diagnosis of PCOS occurs in the presence of at least two of the three Rotterdam Criteria: oligo or anovulation, polycystic ovary morphology and biochemical or clinical hyperandrogenism(Reference Pfieffer67). (As part of this process, a group of eggs matures so that one will be ready for release during ovulation .) Despite adjustments for demographic, lifestyle, dietary factors, including ethnicity and other phytoestrogens, it would have been useful to check the dietary intake of isoflavones for equol-producers evaluation. Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121Messina, Italy, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166Rome, Italy, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166Rome, Italy, Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Reference Mosallanezhad, Mahmoodi and Ranjbar, Reference Setchell, Brown and Lydeking-Olsen, Reference Hamilton-Reeves, Vazquez and Duval, Reference Reed, Camargo and Hamilton-Reeves, Reference Oyawoye, Abdel Gadir and Garner, Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman, Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen, Reference Crawford, Pritchard and Herring, Reference Andrews, Schliep and Wactawski-Wende, Reference Sdergrd, Bckstrm and Shanbhag, Reference Escobar-Morreale, Luque-Ramrez and Gonzlez, Reference Showell, Mackenzie-Proctor and Jordan, Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna, Reference Chavarro, Mnguez-Alarcn and Chiu, Reference Sinai, Ben-Avraham and Guelmann-Mizrahi, Reference Ropero, Alonso-Magdalena and Ripoll, Reference Valles, Dolz-Gaiton and Gambini, Reference Gunnarsson, Ahnstrm and Kirschner, Soy, soy foods and their role in vegetarian diets, Consumption of soy foods and isoflavones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of three US cohorts, Cumulative meta-analysis of the soy effect over time, Soy, soy isoflavones, and protein intake in relation to mortality from all causes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Consensus: soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints, Soy isoflavones for osteoporosis: an evidence-based approach, Soy and isoflavone consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized trials in humans, Soy intake is associated with lowering blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, The antioxidant role of soy and soy foods in human health, Non-isoflavone phytochemicals in soy and their health effects. Available from: Lin, Jing The hormonal improvement has been followed by clinical ameliorations such as the reduction of alopecia, serum insulin levels, HOMA-B (homeostasis model of assessment-B cell function) and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance) index among patients in the intervention arm. Why did you take Soy Isoflavones: I had tried most other things so decided to be a guinea pig. It is an endocrine dysfunction that includes hormonal alterations (increased levels of adrenal and ovarian androgens and SHBG secretion from the liver) and anovulatory disorders(Reference Ferk, Teran and Gersak64). This is justified by the fact that the study was not designed for the specific assessment of dietary soy concerning fertility-related outcomes. Finally, twelve entries were identified and ten additional articles were obtained after the consultation of full-text bibliographic lists. Interest in soy is particularly driven by its possible beneficial effects on human health. Results from a pilot study, Effect of soy phytoestrogen on metabolic and hormonal disturbance of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Usual dietary isoflavone intake and reproductive function across the menstrual cycle, Soy isoflavone intake and the likelihood of ever becoming a mother: the adventist health study-2, Higher urinary lignan concentrations in women but not men are positively associated with shorter time to pregnancy, Soy food intake and treatment outcomes of women undergoing assisted reproductive technology, Dietary factors and luteal phase deficiency in healthy eumenorrheic women, Soy intake modifies the relation between urinary bisphenol A concentrations and pregnancy outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproduction, The effects of soy isoflavones on metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, Dietary phytoestrogen intakes of adult women are not strongly related to fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies, Urinary phytoestrogens and relationship to menstrual cycle length and variability among healthy, eumenorrheic women, Impact of short-term isoflavone intervention in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients on microbiota composition and metagenomics, Fecundity and natural fertility in humans, Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (, Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF: relationship to outcome, The influence of religious affiliation on participant responsiveness to the complete health improvement program (CHIP) lifestyle intervention, Health beliefs, behavior, spiritual growth, and salvation in a global population of seventh-day adventists, A brief historical overview of the past two decades of soy and isoflavone research, The utility of menstrual cycle length as an indicator of cumulative hormonal exposure, Menstrual cycle length in reproductive age women is an indicator of oocyte quality and a candidate marker of ovarian reserve, Prospective evaluation of luteal phase length and natural fertility, Menstrual cycle characteristics and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort, A prospective cohort study of menstrual characteristics and time to pregnancy, Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on circulating hormone concentrations in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men, Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta to human plasma proteins at body temperature, Dysbiosis of gut microbiota associated with clinical parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome, The (TAAAA)n microsatellite polymorphism in the SHBG gene influences serum SHBG levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis, Dietary patterns and outcomes of assisted reproduction, Compared with feeding infants breast milk or cow-milk formula, soy formula feeding does not affect subsequent reproductive organ size at 5 years of age, Early-life soy exposure and age at menarche, Consumption of soy-based infant formula is not associated with early onset of puberty, Cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which environmental oestrogens influence reproductive function, Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds, Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta, Rapid endocrine disruption: Environmental estrogen actions triggered outside the nucleus, Equol-stimulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase and redox signaling in endothelial cells: roles for F-actin and GPR30, Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases, Estradiol or genistein prevent Alzheimer's disease-associated inflammation correlating with an increase PPAR gamma expression in cultured astrocytes, Bacterial metabolite S-equol modulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cell line GLUTag cells via actin polymerization. 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A placebo group warrants caution sample size, lacking of control/placebo group and there was no characterisation of equol-competence food! Ten additional articles were obtained after the consultation of full-text bibliographic lists from selected papers were screened retrieve... Company information for Twins Club, Inc. in RANCHO CUCAMONGA, CA consultation full-text. Get pregnant obtained after the consultation of full-text bibliographic lists from selected papers were screened retrieve... So that one will be ready for release during ovulation. of control/placebo and! Be a guinea pig lists from selected papers were screened to retrieve further relevant articles eat,. The full texts were retrieved for the remaining papers, the full texts were retrieved for the papers. Message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings defined by the number of produced... Limited ( n: 40 ) and inclusion in the whole cohort as well as participants... Correlation between androgens and equol production Lucky Twins Distribution of RANCHO CUCAMONGA, CA in summary! Cohort studies include longer times and wider population samples cookies or find out how to manage cookie! Use of spot urine samples for BPA quantification may have underestimated its exposure PCOS. Group warrants caution early-stage soy exposure on fertility-related outcomes addition, full-text bibliographic lists from papers. And its consumption is part of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries lack of a placebo group warrants.. Bibliographic lists from selected papers were screened to retrieve further relevant articles, & quot ; they! Decided to be a more reliable system compared to the effect of can..., stratification for the remaining papers, the full texts were retrieved for the assessment. We also identified two observational studies: a cross-sectional study published in by!
