[96] By May, Bomber Command had a daily average operating strength of roughly 1,100 aircraft, 616 of which were Lancasters, 354 were Halifaxes, 72 Mosquitos, and 58 Stirlings; between 300 and 400 bombers were being deployed every night, dependent on weather conditions. A long, unobstructed bomb bay meant that the Lancaster could take the largest bombs used by the RAF, including the 4,000lb (1,800kg), 8,000lb (3,600kg) and 12,000lb (5,400kg) blockbusters, loads often supplemented with smaller bombs or incendiaries. "It's an icon that people can relate to.". [88], In September, Hanover was subjected to the most concentrated bombing raid of the war so far. 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In total 364,514 bomber command operational sorties were flown, 1,030,500 tons of bombs were dropped and 8,325 aircraft lost in action. In 1943, a Lancaster was converted to become an engine test bed for the Metropolitan-Vickers F.2 turbojet. [57] Due to the high loss rates typically involved in such operations, daytime bombing missions were performed sparingly until the Allies had achieved a level of aerial supremacy over the Axis powers. Join one of our expert IWM guides in a behind-the-ropes exploration of the iconic Avro Lancaster. The FN-20 was replaced by the very similar FN-120 which used an improved gyroscopic gun sight (GGS). Click on pop up icons to see archival photos, watch videos, hear audio recordings, and uncover the stories behind one of the most famous bombers of . The inside of . Think of the old classic British cars - eg, Jaguars and Bentleys in green - it's that colour. The damaged fuselage and mid-upper turret of Avro Lancaster B Mark I, R5700 'ZN-G', of No. [29], The Lancaster uses a mid-wing cantilever monoplane configuration. [citation needed], To the rear of the turret was the side crew door, on the starboard side of the fuselage. notice.style.display = "block"; 617 Squadron, which had been formed less than two months prior. [91], In late 1943, Air Chief Marshal Harris advocated to Churchill for the persistent bombing of Berlin in preference to earlier targets such as the Ruhr. [7], The origins of the Lancaster stem from a twin-engined bomber that had been submitted to British Air Ministry Specification P.13/36 of 1936 for a twin-engined medium bomber for "worldwide use" which could carry a torpedo internally, and make shallow dive-bombing attacks. A nice tour inside this wonderful aircraft conducted by Andrew Panton & Liz Dodds. Primarily a night bomber but frequently used during the day too, the Lancasters under Bomber Command flew some 156,000 sorties during the Second World War, dropping 609,000 tons of bombs. [18] The first prototype was initially outfitted with the Manchester I's three-finned tail but this was revised on the second prototype, DG595, and subsequent production Lancasters used the larger elliptical twin-finned tail unit that was also adopted for the last Manchesters built. The aircraft used were modified Avro Lancaster Mk IIIs, which had much of their armour and central turret removed in order to accommodate the payload. [20] Aviation authors Brian Goulding and M. Garbett have claimed that experienced Lancaster pilots were often able to out-manoeuver Luftwaffe fighters. [19], In addition to Avro, further Lancasters were constructed by Metropolitan-Vickers (1,080, also tested at Woodford) and Armstrong Whitworth. [58][61] Furthermore, each Lancaster had its own ground crew early on; centralised servicing was introduced later. The Lancaster was the most popular night-time bomber used by the Royal Air Force for its air raids. Further missions across the country were flown throughout this month, often focusing on electrical and railway infrastructure. [citation needed], The Lancaster conducted a total of 156,000 sorties and dropped 608,612 long tons (618,378,000kg) of bombs between 1942 and 1945. As the bomber fell, he attempted to free the tail gunner trapped in the rear turret of the blazing and out of control aircraft. In 1947, one aircraft was flown non-stop 3,459mi (5,567km) from London to Bermuda. Pilot's Instrument Panel. Some Lancaster B.I bombers were outfitted with bulged bomb bay doors in order to accommodate increased armament payloads. [123] A pair of Lancasters, PD328 and PB873, performed several long-distance flights, including round-the-world and trans-polar trips. During World War II the Lancaster was the most successful bomber used by the Royal Air Force and the Royal Canadian Air Force.The Lanc had speed, ceiling, and lifting power that no other aircraft of the day could match. [127], Between 1948 and 1949, 15 former RAF Lancasters were overhauled at Langar for use by the Argentine Air Force. 1 x 22,000lb (10,000kg) short-delay fused "Grand Slam" bomb. . [109] An attack on Pforzheim on 23 February was described by aviation author Bruce Robertson as amongst the most concentrated and successful flown in the conflict. via GoodFon. The transparencies were difficult to see through at night, particularly when trying to keep watch for enemy night fighters that appeared without notice astern and below the aircraft when getting into position to open fire. The Avro Lancaster Bomber is one of the most famous heavy bombers of the Second World War. [118] During 19471948, No. In this video, our expert tells us why the Lancaster Bomber played such a crucial role in WW2. From 1942 onwards, the Lancaster became the mainstay of the British heavy bomber fleet; by the end of the war in Europe, there were roughly 50 squadrons equipped with the Lancaster, the majority of these being the Lancaster B.I model. [65] These pathfinders were tasked with flying ahead of bomber formations to locate and mark targets using Target Indicator flares to improve the accuracy of strikes by the following aircraft. [102], In October, Lancasters repeatedly struck the sea wall at Westkapelle, seeing to prevent the Germans from intentionally flooding neighbouring lands to delay Allied ground forces. The Lancaster had a very advanced communications system for its time. With its encyclopedic detail and commanding narration by Charles Dance, this feels . [32], The standard crew for a Lancaster consisted of seven men, stationed in various positions in the fuselage. 1 x 8,000lb (3,600kg) impact or barometric fused HC and up to 6 x 500lb (230kg) impact or delay fused GP/HE bombs. Most British-built Lancasters were fitted with the R1155 receiver and T1154 transmitter, whereas the Canadian-built aircraft and those built for service in the Far East had American radios. Photographing Avro Lancaster KB889. We takes a look inside an Avro Lancaster to see made it so successful. Lancaster with 100+ Operations. Viewers will be taken inside the cockpit of the famous bomber as it . It was designed to counteract and evade German defences below and above the waterline, allowing Allied forces to target German hydroelectric dams and floating vessels. The ventral (underside) FN-64 turret quickly proved to be dead weight, being both difficult to sight because it relied on a periscope which limited the gunner's view to a 20-degree arc,[35] and too slow to keep a target within its sights. [25], Early production Lancaster B.Is were outfitted with a ventral gun turret position. Busted A selection of bombers became famous after Operation Chastise, a mission to destroy dams in the Ruhr Valley, which inspired The Dam Busters. She is 69ft 6in long, 19ft 7in high, has a wingspan of 102ft and was powered by four Merlin 1,280hp engines. They flew modified Lancaster Mk IIIs that were armed with special drum-shaped bouncing bombs; these had been specially designed by the British engineer Barnes Wallis; the Lancaster was the only bomber at the time capable of bearing the weapon. The bomb was similar to a large version of the Tallboy bomb but a new design . Indeed, the bay was so spacious that with a little modification it could house the massive Grand Slam earthquake bomb, a 10,000kg giant that when released would reach near sonic speeds before penetrating deep into the Earth and exploding. . RAF Hendon's Richard Simpson said: "The Lancaster is an iconic plane and this one is particularly important. Originally developed as an evolution of the Manchester (which had proved troublesome in service and was retired in 1942), the Lancaster was designed by Roy Chadwick and powered by four Rolls-Royce Merlins and in one of the versions, Bristol Hercules engines. The aircraft involved were from 1, 3, and 8 Groups, and consisted of 145 Mosquitos and 3,156 Lancasters, flying between them a total of 3,298 sorties. At 20,000 feet, temperatures inside the cramped aircraft could plummet to minus 40, potentially . + The first of the two RAF Lancasters chosen for the test flight was nicknamed "Bad Penny" from the old expression: "a bad penny always turns up." A crowd of . We go inside the fuselage of Duxford's Lancaster KB889 and take a look at the enormous bomb load of this Second World War icon, which enabled the famous attack on the Ruhr valley, the Dambusters Raid. Multiple raids on V-1 launch sites and enemy shipping were also performed during August; the partially constructed battleship Clemenceau was one of the targets that were struck around this time. Header image: Lancaster PA474 in the Stephenson Hangar at Duxford in late February. They were also produced at the Austin Motor Company works in Longbridge, Birmingham, later in the Second World War and post-war by Vickers-Armstrongs at Chester as well as at the Vickers Armstrong factory, Castle Bromwich, Birmingham. There are only two airworthy Lancasters left in the world - 7,377 were built. His position faced to port with a chart table in front of him. The Lancaster bomber on display at MOTAT has captivated crowds for decades. I'll take you on a full tour of the interior and exterior of the Lanc made famous for the dambuster raids. Bomb Loads. [120] Goulding and Garbett wrote that: "The achievements of the Lancaster and the men who flew it have been widely acclaimed, and the aircraft has been described as the greatest single factor in winning WWII, an exaggeration but a pardonable one". [citation needed], On the roof of the bomb bay the pilot and flight engineer sat side by side under the expansive canopy, with the pilot sitting on the left on a raised portion of the floor (almost all British bombers, and most German bombers, had only a single pilot seat as opposed to the American practice of carrying two pilots, or at least having controls for two pilots installed). = [62], Additional large-scale raids were performed against Emden between 19 and 23 June, and against Bremen between 25 and 29 June, the latter reportedly dealing considerable damage to the Focke-Wulf aircraft works. fter their , David Fairhead and Ant Palmer return with a wartime history of the Lancaster bomber. [44] Bulged doors were added to 30 per cent of B.Is to allow the aircraft to carry 8,000lb (3,600kg) and later 12,000lb (5,400kg) "Cookies". This carries a high-velocity Flare that is dropped at the same time as the Bombs to Photograph and record the Bomb Strike. The Lancas. [111][115] Unusually, the BBC were permitted to announce the raid before it was completed. [note 4][35] Other experimental turrets were tried out, including the FN-79 and the Boulton-Paul Type H barbette system. THE horrors of the World War Two Lancaster bombing raid have been brought to life in an incredible virtual reality recreation. Elite Members and our great community of Aviation Fans welcome all new Members -https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkQef3Fidr7tm3gNuXgGKPw/joinGive us a like on www.facebook.com/bigjettv [100] These daylight raids quickly became frequent as, due to a shortage of oil, the Luftwaffe were increasingly incapable of mounting opposition; to further this difficulty for their opponent, Lancasters were directed against numerous oil installations. [citation needed], From 1943 to 1947, the Canadian Government Trans-Atlantic Air Service (CGTAS) provided a trans-Atlantic military passenger and postal delivery service using a modified long-distance transport version of the Lancaster Mark X. This bomber, with a crew of seven men (five Canadians including pilot Robert Upcott of Windsor, Ontario), took off in bad weather on the morning of 29 April 1945 without a ceasefire agreement from the German forces, and successfully dropped its cargo. Many crew members from Lancasters were awarded the Victoria Cross for their heroic actions in battle, a notable example being the two awarded after a daring daytime raid on Augsburg, Germany. We place guests enjoying a ride in a variety of positions inside including the rear rurret; Middle Turret; Radio Operator's seat; and Bomb aimer's position. notice.style.display = "block"; Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre's Lancaster bomber - known as Just Jane - is three years into a 10-year restoration project to get it airborne. Join me in his detailed tour through a retired Avro Lancaster bomber. ", "Lancaster KB882 National Air Force Museum of Canada", "The Lancaster being pushed out of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum", "Destroying Hitler's Berghof: The Bomber Command Raid of 25 April 1945", Lancaster at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive, Air operations during the Battle of Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avro_Lancaster&oldid=1142452816, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2012, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles with incomplete citations from September 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 780) and the later paddle-bladed propellers. [77], Perhaps the most famous single mission performed by the Lancaster was flown on 1617 May 1943, codenamed Operation Chastise, to destroy the dams of the Ruhr Valley. timeout She had a top speed of . Only eight bombing missions were conducted during all of December, the most prominent of which being against Duisburg, due to poor prevailing weather conditions. The bomber measured 69 feet 6 inches in length, had a wingspan of 102 feet, and stood 20 feet 6 inches in height off the ground weight. .hide-if-no-js { [24], The Lancaster B.I was never fully superseded in production by a successor model, remaining in production until February 1946. Later the nose turret was also removed to further improve performance. In March 1946, a Lancastrian of BSAA flew the first scheduled flight from the new London Heathrow Airport. [22] Of later variants, only the Canadian-built Lancaster B X was produced in significant numbers. The most successful survivor completed 139 operations and was ultimately retired from service and scrapped in 1947. [13] The majority of Lancasters manufactured during the war years were constructed by Avro at its factory at Chadderton near Oldham, Lancashire and were test-flown from Woodford Aerodrome in Cheshire. The prototype, serial number BT308, was assembled by the Avro experimental flight department at Ringway Airport, Manchester, being modified from a production Manchester airframe, combined with the new wing to accommodate the additional engines. + [86] Altogether, 8,621 tons of bombs were dropped on Hamburg by the end of the operation. [39] However this neglects the fact that the two main Luftwaffe night fighters of the time, the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and the Junkers Ju 88 night fighters were capable of over 300mph (480km/h), thus a 50mph (80km/h) increase over the Lancaster's normal cruising speed of around 180mph (290km/h), giving a speed of 230mph (370km/h), still left the Lancaster vulnerable to interception. [note 2][citation needed] The first batch of Canadian Lancasters delivered to England suffered from faulty ailerons; this error was subsequently traced to the use of unskilled labour. Later on, these two tanker aircraft were joined by another converted Lancaster; these saw use during the Berlin Airlift, achieving 757 tanker sorties. The Lancaster also carried a variety of smaller weapons, including the Small Bomb Container (SBC) which held 236 4lb (1.8kg) or 24 30lb (14kg) incendiary and explosive incendiary bomblets; 500lb (230kg) and 1,000lb (450kg) General Purpose High Explosive (GP/HE) bombs (these came in a variety of designs); 1,850lb (840kg) parachute deployed magnetic or acoustic mines, or 2,000lb (910kg) armour-piercing (AP) bombs; 250lb (110kg) Semi-Armour-Piercing (SAP) bombs, used up to 1942 against submarines; post-1942: 250lb (110kg) or 500lb (230kg) anti-submarine depth charges. Flight history for aircraft - PA474. The sound of the 4 Merlins alone has a profound effect on any one who is the least bit . [66][67] That same night, 12 Lancasters of No. Nos. In conjunction, low-level nighttime bombing raids continued, but the emphasis shifted away from the strategic bombing of German industry in favour of directly attacking military concentrations, such as U-boat pens and V-1 flying bomb launch sites. 18,704. A new book about the Dambusters, Breaching The German Dams: Flying Into History, was published on Friday and is available from RAF Hendon. "The Design and Development of the Avro Lancaster". [20] In total, 3,030 B.IIIs were constructed, almost all of them at Avro's Newton Heath factory. The wireless operator's radios were mounted on the left-hand end of the chart table, facing the rear of the aircraft. Many Lancaster crew members were highly decorated for their actions while flying the aircraft. The Lancaster spends its winters being serviced inside the museum hangar. the space inside the aircraft was minimal. Andrew Mynarski won the Victoria Cross, the Commonwealth's highest award for gallantry, on June 13, 1944, when his Lancaster was shot down in flames, by a German night fighter. In 1964 the aircraft was gifted to New Zealand and arrived in Whenuapai before being towed down Great North Rd to Western Springs and put on display. 115 Squadron RAF. Using the Lancaster would have required much less modification to the aircraft itself, but would have necessitated additional crew training for the USAAF crews. Various other turret configurations were adopted by individual squadrons, which included the removal of various combinations of turrets. [78] The operation was carried out by No. In a dive, it had a tendency to go more deeply into the dive as speed increased. }, Turrets As standard the Lancaster bomber was fitted with three twin 7.7mm turrets in the nose, rear and upper-middle fuselage. 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