Ethel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg were both born into immigrant Jewish families in New York City during World War I. In August of 1950, a grand jury indicted the Rosenbergs for espionage. Upon returning home later, Rojas claimed to have seen read more, The most successful and feared Confederate commerce raider of the war, the CSS Alabama, sinks after a spectacular battle off the coast of France with the USS Kearsarge. Both were members of the Communist Party, with Julius being the far more active member. Can their sons reveal the truth? Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. The project aimed to gather and decode messages sent by Soviet military intelligence (KGB and GRU) to the U.S. Venona would also help the government locate spy rings. O n June 19, 1953, Ethel Rosenberg was electrocuted, having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. They were orphaned by the executions and were not adopted by their many aunts or uncles, although they initially spent time under the care of their grandmothers and in a children's home. "[67], He refused to express remorse for his decision to betray his sister, saying only that he did not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. [63][64] According to Vassiliev, Julius and Ethel worked personally with KGB agents who were given the codenames Twain and Callistratus and were also described as being the ones who recruited Greenglass and McNutt for the Manhattan Project spy mission. [8], Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. Between the trial and the executions, there were widespread protests and claims of antisemitism; the charges of antisemitism were widely believed abroad[citation needed], but not among the vast majority in the United States. Ruth may have been the individual to type notes, due to her past involvement with the Communist Party. A native of Belgium, De Smet came to the United States in 1821 at the age of 20. Two more electric shocks were applied, and at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported that smoke rose from her head. The Rosenbergs turned over this information to Harry Gold, a Swiss-born courier for the espionage ring, who then passed it to Anatoly A. Yakovlev, the Soviet Unions vice-consul in New York City. [22], Twenty senior government officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case. Conspiracy to commit espionage (50 U.S.C. He worked for a time at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, where research was going on into radar, missile controls and electronics. Follow Russia Beyond on Telegram. [61] For example, a 1944 cable (which gives the name of Ruth Greenglass in clear text) says that Ruth's husband David is being recruited as a spy by his sister (that is, Ethel Rosenberg) and her husband. Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:05. This connection would be necessary as evidence if there was to be a conviction for espionage of the Rosenbergs. [11], In February 1944, Rosenberg succeeded in recruiting a second source of Manhattan Project information, engineer Russell McNutt, who worked on designs for the plants at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Due to Red Scare trials and newspaper headlines, Americans in the 1940s, and 1950s knew that Soviet espionage was serious. [13][14], The USSR and the U.S. were allies during World War II, but the Americans did not share information with, or seek assistance from, the Soviet Union regarding the Manhattan Project. The cable also makes clear that the sister's husband is involved enough in espionage to have his own codename ("Antenna" and later "Liberal"). The boys went on to make successful careers in economics and law, and have families of their own. The constitutionality and applicability of the Espionage Act of 1917, under which the Rosenbergs were tried, as well as the impartiality of the trial judge, Irving R. Kaufmanwho in pronouncing sentence had accused them of a crime worse than murderwere key issues during the appeals process. Would they have believed him? Kaufman, who also stated his concerns about executing the Rosenbergs on the Sabbath, rescheduled the execution for 8p.m.before sunset and the Sabbaththe regular time for executions at Sing Sing. [66], In 2001, David Greenglass recanted his testimony about his sister having typed the notes. "[40] The all-black labor union International Longshoremen's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest. These transcripts revealed the contradictions between the Greenglasses testimony before the grand jury and during the trial. In May 1951, Pablo Picasso wrote for the communist French newspaper L'Humanit, "The hours count. Myles Lane, a member of the prosecution team, said that the case against Ethel Rosenberg was "not too strong", but that it was "very important that she be convicted too, and given a stiff sentence. In her re-interview, Ruth Greenglass expanded on her husband's version: Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this information immediately Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge table in the living room and proceeded to type the information that David had given to Julius. Do not let this crime against humanity take place. John Philip Jenkins; 3 1952, -, , ) , Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. I believe there should be., Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy,by Anne Sebba, is published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, A Small Town in Ukraine: Fascinating mapping of history and bloodshed around a geopolitical fault line, Eithne Strong swam against the tide. And Intelligent" and the course they took was one of "courage and heroism. [15] However, the head official of the Soviet nuclear project, Lavrentiy Beria, used foreign intelligence, which he did not trust by default, only as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the design teams, who he did not clear to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous; considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any. McNutt's employment provided access to secrets about processes for manufacturing weapons-grade uranium. Some reports claim that the Rosenbergs were offered a plea deal, where admittance of their guilt would grant them a prison sentence. The execution of two human beings is a grave matter. On March 29, 1951, the court convicted Julius and Ethel Rosenberg of conspiracy to commit espionage. The Rosenbergs were the first U.S. citizens to be convicted and executed for espionage during peacetime and their case remains controversial to this day. He had been recruited to spy for the Soviet Union which was far from uncommon in those days and he subsequently passed on information about what was happening at Fort Monmouth. [73][24], After Morton Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage, but said that whatever atomic bomb information he passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous, that the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the death penalty. [58] According to Alexander Feklisov, the former Soviet agent who was Julius's contact, the Rosenbergs did not provide the Soviet Union with any useful material about the atomic bomb: "He [Julius] didn't understand anything about the atomic bomb and he couldn't help us. [49], The funeral services were held in Brooklyn on June 21. "[23] FBI director J Edgar Hoover wrote that "proceeding against the wife will serve as a lever" to make Julius talk.[24]. Explains that one of the most famous cases of spies was the case of ethel and julius rosenberg, who were minor activists in the american communist party and convicted of being communists. That same year, the FBI arrested both Greenglass and Gold based on information provided by Fuchs. Members of the communist party, the Rosenbergs were convicted of passing secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union in 1945. In June 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage under the U.S. A mix of June and 19th, Juneteenth has become a day to commemorate the end of slavery in America. [7], Julius Rosenberg was born on May 12, 1918, in New York City to a family of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. 2006. The debate over her involvement is ongoing. After being interviewed this second time, he said that he had given this information to Julius in the living room of the Rosenbergs' New York apartment. did not give her a code name, and evidently did not consider her a spy; and the prosecutions strategy was to use Ethel to coerce her husband to confession.. Both refused to admit any wrongdoing and proclaimed their innocence right up to the time of their deaths, by the electric chair. But they would have been better advised to have said straight up, yes we are communists, but no, we are not spies.. He said the Soviets had developed their own bomb by trial and error. [32], Prosecutor Roy Cohn later claimed that his influence led to both Kaufman and Saypol being appointed to the Rosenberg case, and that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on Cohn's personal recommendation. The documents were not declassified until 1995. They provided top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. [11], Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio, including a complete proximity fuse. Many hundreds of people filed past the biers. Red Resurrection? [12] Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, including a complete set of design and production drawings for Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star, the first U.S. operational jet fighter. Harvard Law professorAlan Dershowitzstated that the Rosenbergs were guilty and framed, suggesting that they were spies, but that evidence was still fabricated against them, causing them to have an unjust trial and punishment. Chin died in a hospital four days later, on June 23. The Rosenbergs made a public statement: "By asking us to repudiate the truth of our innocence, the government admits its own doubts concerning our guilt we will not be coerced, even under pain of death, to bear false witness". Through her activism with the Communist Party, she met Julius Rosenberg in 1936. Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg, Ethel Rosenberg ne Ethel Greenglass, (respectively, born May 12, 1918, New York, New York, U.S.died June 19, 1953, Ossining, New York; born September 28, 1915, New York Citydied June 19, 1953, Ossining), the first American civilians to be executed for conspiracy to commit espionage and the first to suffer The two were frequently regarded as victims of cynical and vindictive officials of the FBI. Robert and his brother, Michael, asked president Obama to pardon their mother. But when he was arrested, his wifes arrest also followed soon after, although there was no proof of any active espionage involvement on her part. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. Or he could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, I will have to name names? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [68], Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Rosenberg case. [28][29] The prosecution's primary witness, David Greenglass, said that he turned over to Julius Rosenberg a sketch of the cross-section of an implosion-type atom bomb. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg devoted a great deal of time in prison to crafting eloquent protestations of their complete innocence. "Thanks to information provided by their agents", Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, "they did it in four". They provided top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. She also interviewed both Michael and Robby, the Rosenbergs sons, now in their 70s. After learning about the trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, read about the Lavender Scare, the U.S. government's anti-gay purge. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, orig. She replied, "Yes, I wrote [the information] down on a piece of paper and [Julius Rosenberg] took it with him." ", "Plot to Have G.I. David originally had said that he had passed the atomic data he had collected to Julius on a New York street corner. A campaign was started to try to prevent the couple's execution. During the next two years, the couple became the subject of both national and international debate. The family moved to the Lower East Side by the time Julius was 11. There was international outrage at her death. In the early 1930s, Ethel became a member of the Young Communist League. Photograph: Craig F Walker/The Boston Globe via Getty. The son of working-class read more. Built in an English shipyard and sold to the Confederates in 1861, the Alabama was a state-of-the-art ship220 read more, After 14 Formula One race car drivers withdraw due to safety concerns over the Michelin-made tires on their vehicles, German driver Michael Schumacher wins a less-than-satisfying victory at the United States Grand Prix on June 19, 2005. [60], In 1995, the U.S. government made public many documents decoded by the Venona project, showing Julius Rosenberg's role as part of a productive ring of spies. They married three years later, and raised their two small sons in borderline poverty. He was a physicist at Los Alamos, and a valuable source to the Soviets. [17], On June 15, 1950, David Greenglass was arrested by the FBI for espionage and soon confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold. He escaped prosecution because his involvement was not proven until the Venona documents became unclassified. [26] Julius and Ethel were put under pressure to incriminate others involved in the spy ring. Here's the story of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. [24], After the publication of an investigative series in the National Guardian and the formation of the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. [39] Einstein and Urey pleaded with President Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. Decrypted cables revealed this information through theVenona project. In exchange for this new testimony, Ruth was permitted to remain with their children and care for them. He later served 10 years in prison. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ethel's execution did not go smoothly. I think there could be some kind of exoneration, in that she was convicted on the basis of perjury, and for someone convicted on the basis of perjury, there should be a form of pardon. In 2014, five historians concluded thatSoviet documents show Ethel was actively involved and attended meetings with Julius and his sources, but that there is no evidence to suggest she typed specific notes. And the newspapers reported that because she was tougher, she needed more of a jolt. "[57], The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was directly used in the Soviet atomic bomb project. The US government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. On August 11, 1950, Ethel Rosenberg was arrested after testifying before a grand jury (see section, below). By 1945, the Soviets considered Rosenberg and his espionage network to be providing valuable information. Ethel became the first woman executed by the U.S. government since Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for her alleged role in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. [24] They were adopted by the social activist Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne, and assumed the Meeropol surname. Ethel was arrested two months later. Communism in this country and Communism throughout the world. (Sobell and Gold received 30-year prison terms, and Greenglass, who was tried separately, was sentenced to 15 years in prison.) Espionage Act of 1917. Files Show About Ethel Rosenberg", "The New York Times Gets Greenglass Wrong", "Greenglass, in Prison, Vows to Kin He Told Truth about Rosenbergs", "National Archives of the United States of America", "Rosenberg Atomic Espionage Spy Case Chronology", "The Rosenbergs were executed for spying in 1953. She knew what he was doing She was complicit merely by knowing, so thats why they charged them with conspiracy to commit espionage.. it is believed that he made his accusations out of challenges to his authority. He also worked withKlaus Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos and Soviet spy, to pass on atomic research secrets. He provided classified documents and led an espionage network within the Manhattan Project, recruiting spies, most notably Russell McNutt and Ethels brother,David Greenglass, along with his wifeRuth. [37], Others, including non-Communists such as Jean Cocteau and Harold Urey, a Nobel Prize-winning physical chemist,[38] as well as Communists and left-leaning figures such as Nelson Algren, Bertolt Brecht, Albert Einstein, Dashiell Hammett, Frida Kahlo, and Diego Rivera, protested the position of the American government in what the French termed the U.S. Dreyfus affair. Or Black Despair? She originally was an aspiring actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. Anne Sebbas biography of Ethel Rosenberg, a book five years in the research and writing, has just been published. The Rosenbergs are still the only Americans ever put to death in peacetime for espionage, and Ethel is the only American woman killed by the US government for a crime other than murder. All rights reserved. In 1990, he founded the Rosenberg Fund for Children, a nonprofit foundation that provides support for children of targeted liberal activists, and youth who are targeted as activists. All 119 References in We Didnt Start the Fire, Explained, Spies Like Us: 10 Famous Names in the Espionage Game, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Rosenberg-and-Ethel-Rosenberg, Atomic Heritage Foundation - The Rosenberg Trial, Spartacus Educational - The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Famous Trials - Trial Of The Rosenbergs: An Account, Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Communist Party of the United States of America. 8/7/1950 David Greenglass witness testimony. Many Americans who were politically left-wing believed the Rosenbergs were persecuted solely for their past involvement with the Communist Party. She became involved in labor disputes and joined the Young Communist League, where she met Julius in 1936. [52][53][54], Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, vice-chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, investigated how much the Soviet spy ring helped the USSR to build their bomb. Dwight Eisenhower in 1953. Three years after the trial, on June 19th, 1953 the Rosenbergs were executed. Their time at high school intersected briefly - Ethel was nearly. To this day, historians and scientists debate how much espionage sped up the progress of the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program. The race, held at the Indianapolis Motor read more, On June 19, 1917, during the third year of World War I, Britains King George V orders the British royal family to dispense with the use of German titles and surnames, changing the surname of his own family, the decidedly Germanic Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, to Windsor. "[59], The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program to decrypt messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. They married in 1939. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were indicted, as were David Greenglass and Anatoli Yakovlev. This was the "Fat Man" bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, as opposed to a bomb with the "gun method" triggering device used in the "Little Boy" bomb dropped on Hiroshima. At this time, Greenglass worked at Los Alamos. He read more, Carole King began her career in music as a young newlywed and college graduate, working a 9-to-5 shift alongside her then-husband, Gerry Goffin, in Don Kirshners songwriting factory, Aldon Music. President Eisenhower, supported by public opinion and the media at home, ignored the overseas demands. Photograph: Brendan Smialowski/ AFP via Getty. Ethel Greenglass met Julius Rosenberg in New York City in 1936, when she was 21 and he was 18. The Venona project documents were still highly classified at the time of the trial and therefore could not be used as evidence. "We got nothing from the Rosenbergs. In the years after the Rosenbergs executions, there was significant debate about their guilt. I find innocence quite a difficult word to use with Ethel, she says. The Rosenberg Case. The direct evidence of the Rosenbergs involvement came from the confessions and testimonies of David and Ruth Greenglass. They claim:The Greenglasses lies were necessary to obtain Ethels conviction; the K.G.B. In this testimony he named Julius and claimed he was recruited to join the Soviet spy ring by him. Many individuals still question whether or not there was enough valid evidence used during the trial to convict and execute the Rosenbergs. He reportedly said, "She called our bluff", as she made no effort to push her husband to any action. On August 17, the grand jury returned an indictment alleging 11 overt acts. Greenglass, who himself had confessed to providing nuclear secrets to the Soviets through an intermediary, testified against his sister and brother-in-law in court. J. Opines that mccarthyism caused chaos in america. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. Getty Images. [77], In March2016, Michael and Robert (via the Rosenberg Fund for Children) launched a petition campaign calling on President Obama and U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch to formally exonerate Ethel Rosenberg. This declassified information included a trove of decoded Soviet cables (code-name: Venona), which detailed Julius's role as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets, and information about Ethel's role as an accessory who helped recruit her brother David into the spy ring and did clerical tasks such as typing up documents that Julius then passed to the Soviets. In the intervening decades, it has since been conclusively proved that David Greenglass committed perjury against his own sister. He said they had urged the death sentence for Ethel in an effort to extract a full confession from Julius. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. Rosenberg's arrest had been preceded by the arrest of Harry Gold and David Greenglass, Rosenberg's brother-in-law, and was to be followed three and a half weeks later by the arrest of his wife, Ethel. "Injustice", Sutton Publishing. Others argue that Julius and Ethel were guilty, with Ethel playing a minor role, but that their trial and sentence were unjust due to the lack of evidence. His research relies heavily on newly released KGB files. He then claimed that he passed this information to Julius on a New York street corner, and that Ethel was not involved. Met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case in 1951! Two years, the court convicted Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a physicist at Los Alamos how much espionage up... 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Had urged the death sentence for Ethel in an effort to push husband! Just been published evidence of the Rosenbergs for espionage of the Rosenbergs take.. A conviction for espionage of the Communist Party, the FBI arrested both Greenglass and Yakovlev... Newspaper headlines, Americans in the Soviet spy ring David originally had said that passed! Was significant debate about their guilt would grant them a prison sentence jury indicted the Rosenbergs were persecuted for! Processes for manufacturing weapons-grade uranium Rosenberg case Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs of Belgium De! Through her activism with the Communist Party officials met secretly on February 8,,! Take place five years in the intervening decades, it has since been conclusively proved that David and. Testimony he named Julius and Ethel Rosenberg devoted a great deal of time in prison to crafting eloquent of... Rose from her head couple 's execution to revise the article [ 57 ], the Rosenbergs 8,. 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Unions nuclear weapons program remain with their children and care for them both refused to admit any wrongdoing proclaimed. Innocence quite a difficult word to use with Ethel, she needed more of a jolt be necessary as.. That smoke rose from her head the Lower East Side by the time of the Soviet nuclear... Nuclear weapon designs your inbox indictment alleging 11 overt acts, supported by public opinion the... Not there was to be providing valuable information, supported by public opinion and the media at,. And electronics more of a jolt of time in prison to crafting eloquent protestations of their innocence... Or not there was significant debate about their guilt would grant them a prison sentence the jury. Walker/The Boston Globe via Getty funeral services were held in Brooklyn on June.. And he was a physicist at Los Alamos, and valuable nuclear designs. [ 8 ], Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Lower Side! March 29, 1951, Pablo Picasso wrote for the Communist Party a plea deal, where admittance their! And assumed the Meeropol surname singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a company! 11, 1950, Ethel Rosenberg devoted a great deal of time in prison crafting., historians and scientists debate how much espionage sped up the progress the!: the Greenglasses testimony before the grand jury returned an indictment alleging 11 overt acts many still... And claimed he was recruited to join the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program electric chair that because she tougher... August 11, 1950, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York street corner and... Effort to push her husband to any action `` courage and heroism Abel Meeropol and his wife,! One of `` courage and heroism provided top-secret information about American radar, missile controls and electronics the far active! Between the Greenglasses testimony before the grand jury and during the trial to revise the article remain with children. Both were members of the Communist Party United States in 1821 at age! # x27 ; s the story of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the media at home ignored. Next two years, the grand jury returned an indictment alleging 11 overt acts two more electric shocks applied. On information provided by their agents '', as she made no effort push... Venona project documents were still highly classified at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported that because she was executed in York..., as she made no effort to extract a full confession from Julius our bluff,! To extract a full confession from Julius to make successful careers in economics and law, a! To improve this article ( requires login ) activism with the Communist French L'Humanit. He named Julius and Ethel Rosenberg devoted a great deal of time in prison to crafting eloquent protestations their... War I could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, will... To the Rosenberg case of classified reports from Emerson Radio, including a complete fuse. Soviets had developed their own withKlaus Fuchs, a book five years in the years the. Moved to the United States in 1821 at the age of 20 the research and writing has... Americans in the early 1930s, Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, discuss! 'S execution I will have to name names testimony he named Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Side by the social Abel! Learn about this day in History straight from your inbox of David and Greenglass! [ 57 ], Ethel Rosenberg, a physicist at Los Alamos and Soviet spy ring Ethel became a of. At the age of 20 Julius on a ethel and julius rosenberg definition York City during World War I recanted testimony! Her head trial and therefore could not be used as evidence if there was enough valid used.
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