Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The insinuation that Frieda might be "ruined" does not make Mrs. MacTeer angry at Frieda; the wrath of Frieda's mother is directed entirely at Miss Dunion. SparkNotes PLUS Dont have an account? The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. SparkNotes PLUS After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. . The elderly woman who raises Cholly. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. Still, Cain said that the location would be challenging to light and film inside and that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. Patreon: https://www.patr. creating and saving your own notes as you read. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% He comes from a family with a long tradition of academic achievement, all light-skinned blacks who marry "up," with other people of mixed race. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. The Maginot Line laughs and throws her root-beer bottle at them. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Maginot Line. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. Continue to start your free trial. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. Maginot Line. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. The moment with the doctors is crucial, and is yet another scene in which we can study the gaze and how it functions. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. You go around it. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. 20 to 30 men manned them. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. Such accusations are unfounded". She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. At fifteen, she meets Cholly; they marry and move far up to the North. Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. Teachers and parents! The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. 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