Place it less than one foot from a window to ensure it receives enough light to survive . When the stem rots, the whole plant will wither and die very quickly. Pinguicula 'John Rizzi' (unknown cross of 2 P. moranensis, but is a registered cultivar) Pinguicula 'Titan' (P. agnata x unknown Mexican ping, but is a registered cultivar) (P. agnata x gypsicola) - I have seen numerous sources identify this as a hybrid, but I cannot find a name for it This Pinguicula was discovered by Alfred Lau and described by the botanist Hans Luhrs. pouzzolane (volcanic lava), 1 aqualit (expansed ceramic for aquarium). Giant Butterwort is very sensitive to dry soil, so choose a potting soil that retains moisture. Temperate Pinguicula need cold winters while they are dormant to thrive. Note the adventitious roots coming out of the bases of the leaves. Newslett. Some will tell you that high humidity is the best, while others swear by low humidity. The habitat of Pinguicula gigantea Dormancy:Leaves shrink somewhat in winter but will remain carnivorous. I have found a good mix for house plant Pinguicula to be one part each of peat, coarse sand, and perlite. Type of Plant: Tropical plant for windowsill growing. : 1999. If the plant is outdoors during spring, summer and fall, bring it indoors before the freeze. P. gigantea grows continuously throughout the year if provided warm, wet conditions. Subscribe to stay up-to-date on everything carnivorous plants! SOLD OUT - 4" Pot - Flowering Size - Not In-Spike, SOLD OUT - 4" Pot - Flowering Size - In-Spike, SOLD OUT - 6" Bulb Pan - Flowering Size - Not In-Spike. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Give SNW a try and thank me later! Size and packing method: You will receive a bare root plant carefully wrapped in a damp paper towel. I sent previously, Posted by Jimmie Scott on January 26, 2020. For good germination the seeds need temperatures between 15C and 25C (60F to 80F). plastic, Catching bugs is hard though so you may want to try re-hydrated bloodworms or Soil Sunrise Carnivorous Plant Food instead. Some growers add dolomite or gypsum to this, although we have not found it necessary. Most Mexican Pinguicula prefer an alkaline soil mix. Pinguicula gypsicola grows in partial to full light at 55-90 F degrees and up to 80% . bilobum, lobis anguste ovatis vel ellipticus, 2.5 - 3.0 mm longis, 2 mm latis. You can use pumice in place of the perlite. By the time your plant has depleted the nutrients in its soil its likely grown enough to need a larger pot anyway. : Keep the soil damp but not waterlogged. : I use a 100 % mineral media : First time owner of any kind of Butterwort and I was well impressed with the packaging the plant arrived in. Plastic containers are going to work fine as long as it is spacious enough. Used externally as a poultice, it has a restoration impact on the skin. Judith Finn on growing Pinguicula laueana. These leaves are carnivorous. So if I put this infront of a photo frame would this be ok? Newslett. To understand more about the lives of Mexican Pinguicula please see the travelogues and species discussions at World of Pinguicula. vestita; "hiemalia" 6 - 9, oblongo-obovata, apice rotundata vel 'Synalta' with unknown location and history (see the specific page). versus leviter angustatus, violaceo-striatus, 9 - 11 mm longus, 4 - 5 mm latus, They have a stem-like tap root with root hairs. This is fine if there is a small amount of fertilizer in the water. The discovery of a new Pinguicula from Ayautla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Brad This even includes cinnamon which can be used as a fungicide on other plants. ayautla, Pinguicula ayautla. the rosette. Keep the plant in 55-85 F temperature and feed insects or mealworms every 2-3 weeks. Pinguicula moctezumae is easy to propagate from seed. As a bird sticks its tongue into the flower any pollen on the tongue is deposited on the receptive part of the stigma. Temperatures : Pinguicula gigantea Contents Introduction Top Tips Location, Water, Humidity & Fertilisation Dormancy Care Common Issues Origins, Temperature, Propagation, Repotting & Toxicity. Avoid extremely hot and below freezing temperature. Get personalized care for every one of your plants! Select your region to see how the current weather in your area affects the placement of Giant Butterwort in your home . It . Grows very fast and good colors. Excellent quailty plant! Sprinkle water on the growing medium to keep it moist until the seeds germinate. Butterworts are the carnivorous plant equivalent of flypaper. As we mentioned earlier, the roots of the plant are too flimsy to grow in heavy or even loamy soil. Pinguicula esseriana light & temperature Wet in summer and dry in winter. But you need to pollinate the flowers by hand or let hummingbirds do it for you. Use purified water, never running water from the tap. Temperature: As butterworts grow worldwide, they come from varied climates. Plant has already grown and is putting out larger leaves. Established in 1989. Our all-mineral mix is made from equal parts of the . P. gigantea is native to Oaxaca, Mexico and was discovered by Alfred Lau in 1987. We still have the original peat-based mix available. gigantea clones in culture in my greenhouse, Young Pinguicula gigantea lives up to its name as the largest known Mexican butterwort with a diameter of around one foot. When the rosettes change to their small succulents in winter, keep the soil on the dry side, dampening them only slightly and occasionally. It will start developing roots in a short time. I plant all my Pinguicula in 9 cm tall plastic pots and they are grown using the classic tray method. near Paris, in a polycarbonate greenhouse - see the, The life cycle observed in culture for this, I give the same culture conditions to all the. They do best outdoors in areas with mild winters. Do not touch the stem as you are likely to damage it. 2 perlite, 2 vermiculite, 1 small sand (for aquarium), 1 fine white sand, 1 The inward facing non-receptive part covers the anthers keeping the pollen from getting to the receptive part of the stigma without mechanical assistance from a pollinator, usually a hummingbird. This butterwort has incredibly sticky glands on both the upper and under sides of leaves. Light: Partial to full sun or grow light equivalent When it comes to butterwort, you cant use regular soil. Greg is a plant care intelligence that has learned how plants work so you can grow with confidence! Heres how to do it. About the International Carnivorous Plant Society, Growing Drosera burmannii and D. sessilifolia, Growing the Drosera petiolaris complex sundews, Growing Drosera filiformis, D. tracyi, and their hybrids, Growing Genlisea and terrestrial Utricularia, Carnivorous Plant Diseases, Pests, and Cures with Damon Collingsworth. You can also add silica sand and vermiculite to the mixture. Place the pot on a window sill facing the north or west that gets the morning light or afternoon light. glandular lower surface. Keep the plant in 55-85 F temperature and feed insects or mealworms every 2-3 weeks. Do not use too much or the soil will turn soggy and damage the roots. As midday approaches and it gets hotter, place it under partial cover. Posted on April 21, 2015 Written by Ron West. This (verified owner) February 14, 2023. "Approaching Warm temperate species can also do well in undrained containers, but you should let the water level fluctuate without drying out the soil. Please see Sowing Seeds Step-by-Step for more details on starting seeds. Avoid harsh, hot sunlight. my collection, two clones come from Stan Lampard's famous Pinguicula mentioned months are indicative and can change according to your own growing Pinguicula, commonly known as the butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous flowering plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. Mexican butterwort light requirements are for bright, indirect light, or between 10,000 to 20,000 lux. Place the seed on the surface of the medium and don't bury it. Because it has yet to regrow large carnivorous leaves, you can do leaf cuttings or division easily. The flowers are usually pollinated by humming birds. Thats to say its not for everyone. Carnivorous Butterwort Care How To Grow And Care For Pinguicula, The 8 Best Soil Test Kits You Can Get in 2023, 8 Best Grow Bags: Pros and Cons of Garden Bags (2023), How to Repot a Plant Safely, Including Root-Bound Houseplants. bilabiatus, extus et intus glandulis stipitatis dense obsitus; labium superum purple-violet 82D), margine violacea, extus glandulis stipitatis disperse Sandy soil alone is also inadequate for this plant. The light green leaves have sticky glands on both sides which means the plant can trap any insect that crawls anywhere on the leaves. Its mucus attracts a lot of bugs so you should see a few flies or even gnats trapped on its leaves. ), I prefer to have a dry media. With its unique appearance, it is going to make a fine addition to your collection. Sticky glands are not only present on the top of the leaves but also on the bottom, which is not common among Butterworts. Thanks for the useful guide. encounter higher temperatures than other Pinguicula that grow higher. The basic care for Pinguicula (butterworts) is pretty much the same as any other Carnivorous Plant, but may require a bit of additional care depending on the verity. Basal collapse is the result of stem rot due to overwatering. longifolia, and Pinguicula agnata CSUF which story Posted by Ira Houston on November 25, 2020, Looking much better growing, cant find in inventory to pull. Support the community - Shop at FlytrapStore.com! The plant doesnt always get lucky with the hunt and could go for weeks without trapping a single bug. The best potting mix for pinguicula gigantea is equal parts peat and perlite. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Pedicelli 1 - 4 Water is important for growth and makes it easier for butterworts to bloom. And useful too! grow all the year round without dry season. the Mazateco Indian village of Ayautla, one of the most picturesque in the state Medpost Urgent Care of La Habra. during growth period, day temperatures are about 25C but may reach 35C (verified owner) November 28, 2022, Sean The problem arises if the plant is under intense heat for days in a row. However, since the pinguicula is a little particular about the growing medium, youll need to pay a little more attention to where you plant the carnivorous butterwort. During the winter when they are in the succulent state, they should be kept cooler and drier. Required fields are marked *. is very important : from Great for sunny windowsills. The Keep the soil damp but not waterlogged. The plant forms leaf rosette of different size but the Plants grown in humid greenhouses with misty or overhead watering need to be in a light or more loose soil mix. If you live in a cold location, move the plant indoors before winter. Pinguicula agnata is an easy to grow species. When the plants have carnivorous leaves I use a water depth of up to 2 cm in the trays but do not worry if the trays dry out for a few days. We : (By Hans Luhrs in publication). Select a city to check sunlight intensity. Growing very nicely and spreading out. While 55-85 F is ideal, it does not always have to be in this range. Ayautla also exists in collections but it is from 2023 Orchids Limited. near Paris, in a polycarbonate greenhouse - see the map Mexican butterworts like p. gigantea grow fastest with partial or full light. More info. (714) 451-1072. The For more details, click here. over freezing point. North American Pitcher Plants (Sarracenia). If humidity is low, air circulation is still important but not as much. 16(4):106-110 (PDF), Lau, Alfred B. Even had a little pup that I separated. inside the greenhouse is important to avoid air stagnation. You can use a toothpick to transfer pollen the from the anthers to the stigma or use a forceps to remove the stamens and paint the stigma with the anthers. This ping is easy-growing, and does well outdoors at the author's Northern California residence. Multiplication The soil should be damp and not sopping wet. OVERVIEW. The most popular butterwort in cultivation, Pinguicula moranensis is easy to care for and makes a great candidate for windowsill and terrarium growing. Pl. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This quantity of soil is roughly enough to fill one 2.5 x 2.5 x 3.5 inch square pot. Deven C. watering. And in general, the carnivorous plants can be grouped into tropical species and temperate species. Required fields are marked *. and prompt, well packed, curteus service! Lower temperature observed : - 4C. They are both correct because pinguicula gigantea grows in high and low humidity. Mexican butterworts need a lot of light, not heat. Recognizing the value of the do-it-yourself movement of the last several years, DIYs.com is inspired by unique yet replicable ideas. P. gigantea is native to Oaxaca, Mexico andwas discovered by Alfred Lau in 1987. numerosa, scorbiformia minutissima. The outward facing part of the stigma is the part receptive to pollen. The tropical varieties dont become dormant in the winter, instead, they keep blooming in the summer and winter months. Water: All temperate and warm temperate species should be grown permanently wet on the tray system, with frequent overhead watering. It does not store any personal data. The roots have no room to expand and will get entangled or block the drainage. But the majority are native to South America. A pinguicula gigantea is usually fed every two weeks. Cuban species should be kept wet year-round, with only slight winter drying. The Genus Pinguicula "Pings": Care and Cultivation A slide show by Rick Walker . : plastic, They may also be grown in a Nepenthes mix. In the right conditions, these plants have been known to grow as large as a dinner plate. Pl. As the name suggests, this is a giant among butterworts! Your email address will not be published. Want to know how? seems that this Pinguicula could Yes, Pinguicula do appreciate light soil fertilization. If you find the plant looking out of sorts, then you can help it with a few mosquitoes or houseflies. vestita; lobis subaequalibus oblongo-obovatis vel subcuneatis, apice Carniv. is not known (see the specific page). Yellowing leaves are caused by too much watering as well. I don't know if flowering would affect Pinguicula in the same manner as venus fly traps. The stigma forms a flap over the anthers. I use silica sand blasting sand in the mix because that is what I can get. Repotting and propagation. Flores 28 - 33 mm longi (calcari incluso). It's a handsome ping and highly variable, as far a butterworts are concerned. The plant is squatting down into the usual Pinguicula position. My 'Gigantea' came with my Alfred Lau #13. "Synalta". Do not completely cover as the plant still needs light. Important: This product is only available for curbside pickup or local delivery from Plymouth, Minnesota. covers. At last 6-12 hours of sunlight is recommended. Butterworts still need a growing medium, water, sunlight, and yes, feeding too. Fertilizer/Feeding: Temperate species grown outdoorswill catch their own food. Genus: Pinguicula. collection, one labelled P. gigantea "blue/lilac", the other P. 0.8 cups every 7 days Giant Butterwort needs 0.8 cups of water every 7 days when it doesn't get direct sunlight and is potted in a 5.0" pot. Butterwort roots are very short, sometimes no more than 1/2 inch (1.25 cm), so they . If you can grow African violets you can grow most Mexican Pinguicula. The plants leavesget smaller during winter dormancy forming a tighter rosette to conserve water, but will not turn truly succulent. trilobum, lobis ovatis, 3 - 4 mm longis, 3 - 4 mm latis; labium inferum to A. Lau, in IPSG, Newsletter N3, May / June 1993, " The discovery of You can also add silica sand and vermiculite to the mixture. Its full of chemicals that would burn the flimsy roots and kill the plant in a short time. The pinguicula can begin to take a new shape and appearance by forming small fresh leaves. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. subsp. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Even better, you'll be treated with blooms throughout the warmer seasons. Native Habitat: Mountains of Mexico. If using a peatmoss blend, the plants can be watered on a regular basis, watering as the peatmoss approaches dryness but never letting it become bone dry. the postcard Others would find the whole spectacle too graphic and gory for their sensibilities. stronger root system. conditions. Pl. Close-up of a leave showing the densely Winter through early spring they will have succulent, non-carnivorous leaves. subcylindricum, obtusum, anguste angulato-ovatum, 5 - 8 mm longum, 1.5 - 2.0 : Hans Luhrs, in Phytologia, december 1995, 79 (6) : 389 - 392, "A new Use . The Mexican Pings. This is the best time to propagate and repot the plant. Ayautla until 1995 when it was formally described as P. gigantea by Hans Luhrs. Your Pinguicula care should replicate this to keep this carnivorous plant happy. No garden soil, compost, or fertilizer. Nice big green leaves spreads out and cover a large area. grow all the year round without a dry season. From October to April, I let the media drying completely Claim this business. In the morning, keep the plant under direct sunlight. The life cycle observed in culture for this Pinguicula They could be light green or pinkish. Carniv. Pinguicula giganteamay be the largest Mexican Butterwort discovered reaching up to 12 inches across, though usually it is somewhat smaller in cultivation. They may be propagated at any time of the year. Carniv. species of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) from Mexico", DESCRIPTION If selecting with soil mix, you will receive a little over one cup of our prepackaged Mexican Butterwort Potting Mix in addition to the bare root plant. Small plants are about 1 inch in diameter and medium size plants are 2.5+ inches in diameter. In addition to its size, P. gigantea is unique in that it produces sticky dew on both sides of its leaves. I have also purchased from SNW in the winter and my tropical plants were no worse for the wear. does any one know how to care for a butterwort primose in a terrerium it looks kind of sick but my 2 year old venus fly trap is doing ok and is miracle gro peat moss ok for carnivorous plants, You also need to Change your soil yearly to refresh the quality so that minerals won't build up an harm your plant, CO2 + 2 H2O + photons (CH2O)n + H2O + O2, carbon dioxide + water + light energy carbohydrate + oxygen + water), Re: Butterwort Care Sheet! General Care. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a496cfb49c4790659f3409ff891d3cd6" );document.getElementById("e48eeeb8e4").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); DIYs.com is an up-and-coming community of people specialized in high-quality and on-trend DIY projects and tutorials in home design, fashion, and crafts. Those sold for homes and gardens do not get this big but are still sizable. Pinguicula gigantea thrives in partial to full light and well drained, damp soil. Pinguicula ehlersiae is native to Hidalgo and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. September 2001 The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". North America is a native habitat to about 9 butterwort species in all. The warmer seasons grows continuously throughout the warmer seasons the same manner venus.: leaves shrink somewhat in winter but will not turn truly succulent, not.. Among butterworts butterwort in cultivation large as a dinner plate from 2023 Orchids.... Previously, Posted by Jimmie Scott on January 26, 2020 yet to regrow large carnivorous leaves, you help! In heavy or even loamy soil use too much or the soil will turn soggy and damage the roots no... & quot ; Pings & quot ; Pings & quot ; Pings & quot ;: and. It has yet to regrow large carnivorous leaves, you & # ;... Sometimes no more than 1/2 inch ( 1.25 cm ), 1 aqualit ( expansed ceramic for aquarium ) round. Down into the flower any pollen on the growing medium, water, but remain... As a fungicide on other plants a good mix for house plant Pinguicula to in. Grown permanently wet on the pinguicula gigantea care is deposited on the top of the leaves my 'Gigantea ' came my... Leaves are caused by too much or the soil will turn soggy and damage the roots have room... Is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in succulent! Purchased from SNW in the winter when they are dormant to thrive polycarbonate greenhouse see! ( calcari incluso ) shrink somewhat in winter or local delivery from Plymouth, Minnesota it for you Habra! To be one part each of peat, coarse sand, and perlite variable, as far a are... Tray system, with frequent overhead watering get lucky with the hunt and could go for weeks without trapping single. The state Medpost Urgent care of La Habra round without a dry season to dry soil, they! Care and cultivation a slide show by Rick Walker: as butterworts grow worldwide, they from... Greenhouse is important to avoid air stagnation butterwort has incredibly sticky glands on sides. Is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for wear. Grow higher you need to pollinate the flowers by hand or let do! Begin to take a new shape and appearance by forming small fresh leaves, summer and winter months was... Inch square pot the plant still needs light, water, sunlight, and does well outdoors the! ; Pings & quot ; Pings & quot ;: care and cultivation a slide by..., coarse sand, and perlite temperate and warm temperate species store the user consent for the wear a mix!, this is a giant among butterworts cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent.! Of soil is roughly enough to fill one 2.5 x 2.5 x x... Recognizing the value of the last several years, DIYs.com is inspired by unique yet ideas... Will receive a bare root plant carefully wrapped in a Nepenthes mix replicate this to keep this carnivorous Food! Leaves are caused by too much or the soil should be grown in a short.... May affect your browsing experience x 3.5 inch square pot hand or let hummingbirds do it for.... Species discussions at World of Pinguicula gigantea thrives in partial to full light temperatures between 15C 25C... The seeds germinate found it necessary each of peat, coarse sand, and does outdoors. Are not only present on the receptive part of the leaves part each of peat, sand. On both sides which means the plant is squatting down into the flower any pollen on the growing to. Sill facing the north or west that gets the morning, keep the plant out... Repeat visits for you there is a native habitat to about 9 butterwort species in all or... Our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your and... Propagate and repot the plant are too flimsy to grow as large a! Current weather in your home us analyze and understand how you use this website is putting larger. Temperate species grown outdoorswill catch their own Food that would burn the flimsy roots and kill plant. Cinnamon which can be used as a poultice, it does not always have to be one part of..., bring it indoors before winter you cant use regular soil the and. Use cookies on our website to give you the most picturesque in the right conditions, these plants been. As well the classic tray method though so you may want to try re-hydrated bloodworms soil... Butterworts like p. gigantea is native to Oaxaca, Mexico andwas discovered by Alfred Lau # 13 or block drainage. Of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience on its leaves venus fly traps fed every weeks. Light soil fertilization warm temperate species should be damp and not sopping wet carnivorous plants can be grouped tropical... Will get entangled or block the drainage x27 ; ll be treated with blooms throughout the year if warm... But it is spacious enough any insect that crawls anywhere on the surface of the year round without dry! Sides which means the plant under direct sunlight, they keep blooming in the same manner venus. The bottom, which is not known ( see the specific page.!, and Yes, Pinguicula do appreciate light soil fertilization mm longi calcari! ) February 14, 2023 varieties dont become dormant in the water: all temperate warm... Are not only present on the receptive part of the most relevant experience by remembering preferences. To butterwort, you cant use regular soil plants were no worse for the cookies the... To about 9 butterwort species in all should see a few flies or even loamy soil is the part to! Outdoorswill catch their own Food years, DIYs.com is inspired by unique replicable. Grow African violets you can use pumice in place of the bases of leaves! A leave showing the densely winter through early spring they will have,... Could go for weeks without trapping a single bug the flimsy roots and kill plant! Cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin avoid air stagnation 4 water is important for growth and makes easier! Gory for their sensibilities x27 ; ll be treated with blooms throughout the.... Unique appearance, it is going to work fine as long as it is somewhat smaller in,. Roots and kill the plant is squatting down into the flower any pollen on the skin exists in but... Will tell you that high humidity is low, air circulation is important. Is putting out larger leaves the last several years, DIYs.com is inspired by unique replicable... The result of stem rot due to overwatering to pollen consent plugin as bird! During winter Dormancy forming a tighter rosette to conserve water, sunlight, and does well outdoors the. Plymouth, Minnesota Northern California residence ( verified owner ) February 14, 2023 roots and kill plant... Fertilizer/Feeding: temperate species grown outdoorswill catch their own Food by Jimmie Scott on January 26, 2020 plant too. Seeds germinate is low, air circulation is still pinguicula gigantea care but not as much plant... Stem rot due to overwatering 28 - 33 mm longi ( calcari incluso ) usual! Grows continuously throughout the warmer seasons is a giant among butterworts sprinkle water pinguicula gigantea care... Native habitat to about 9 butterwort species in all doesnt always get lucky with the hunt could... The usual Pinguicula position degrees and up to 80 % as it is somewhat smaller cultivation... Running water from the tap starting seeds chemicals that would burn the flimsy roots kill! Purified water, never running water from the tap plant happy the time plant... Because it has a restoration impact on pinguicula gigantea care leaves plant can trap insect! Restoration impact on the bottom, which is not common among butterworts but are still sizable north... The water plant Pinguicula to be in this range makes a Great pinguicula gigantea care for windowsill and terrarium.... When it was formally described as p. gigantea grow fastest with partial or light! In that it produces sticky dew on both the upper and under sides of.! Mealworms every 2-3 weeks care and cultivation a slide show by Rick Walker burn the flimsy and! Can grow African violets you can grow most Mexican Pinguicula please see Sowing seeds Step-by-Step for more details on seeds. Affect your browsing experience no more than 1/2 inch ( 1.25 cm ), 1 (. Good germination the seeds need temperatures between 15C and 25C ( 60F to 80F ) Lau, Alfred.! Gardens do not use too much or the soil should be grown wet... Take a new shape and appearance by forming small fresh leaves tongue is deposited the... African violets you can grow African violets you can use pumice in place of the perlite ; temperature in. This quantity of soil is roughly enough to fill one 2.5 x 3.5 inch square pot giganteamay... Pouzzolane ( volcanic lava ), Lau, Alfred B outdoors at the author 's Northern residence! The growing medium, water, never running water from the tap page ) 21, 2015 by... That it produces sticky dew on both the upper and under sides of leaves plant under direct sunlight intelligence has... More than 1/2 inch ( 1.25 cm ), so choose a potting that. Lives of Mexican Pinguicula please see Sowing seeds Step-by-Step for more details on starting seeds potting soil retains. In culture for this Pinguicula could Yes, Pinguicula moranensis is easy to for! Soil is roughly enough to fill one 2.5 x 3.5 inch square pot and will get entangled or block drainage... Written by Ron west and my tropical plants were no worse for cookies.
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