1 maccabees summary shmoop

The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. When he died his widow, Alexandra, married his elder brother, Alexander Janneus, and she remained on the throne while her son Hyrcanus II was high priest. 6 summary 1 john chapter 5 usccb irregulars chapter 5 1 mangakakalot com family affair vol 1 chapter 5 w mangairo com 1 maccabees chapter 5 usccb chapter 5 determining income and calculating rent 5 1 hard times book the first sowing chapters 5 8 summary ch 5 where s all my stuff the witcher gamefaqs jane eyre volume 1 chapter 5 shmoop chapter . As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from the control of the Greek empire and rededicated (an act that is still commemorated yearly in the festival of Hanukkah). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. And he took the silver and the gold and the precious vessels; and he took the hidden treasures which he found. However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew would have been more widespread. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. That is, they covered over their circumcision. More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. That is, men of Israel came forth. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. This suggests that in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the most highly regarded. each should forsake his own laws. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. VERSE 46. and pollute the sanctuary and those who were holy; VERSE 47. that they should build altars, and temples, and shrines for idols, and should sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts: VERSE 48. and that they should leave their sons uncircumcised, that they should make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation; VERSE 49. so that they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. they chose to die. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. While he clearly portrays a divine providence behind the history he presents, the narrator refrains from the miracle stories and other legends found in 2 Maccabees, which deals with much of the same material. Mattathias and His Sons. Friend. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. Some even engage in foreskin restoration. It possibly was written during the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula (3741 ce). It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. "Exodus ch. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. This history includes battles with Antiochus IV and his son. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.[25]. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. That is, each nation should abandon its religious customs. And if you like what you see, check out our complete Online Course about the first five books of the Bible, a.k.a. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". That is, about 170 BC. 25) gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. That is, a gymnasium. The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. Some Jews went along with the changes. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. In this connection it gives a very moving account of the martyrdom of seven brothers, whose names are unknown but who are popularly called the Maccabees (2 Mac 7:1 ff). 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. an abomination of desolation. VERSE 25. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). VERSE 38. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. 2 Maccabees is harder to date but many scholars locate it in the early first century bc. 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. [33], Proposed alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:123. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. It also asserts the resurrection of the just and tells us what we need to know about the fate of the unjust (7:9, 14,23,29; 14:46). This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 19:27. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. 1 Samuel. Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. VERSE 6. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. by Daniel R. Schwartz. Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. At this point the book ends. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. [49]He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews. put to shame and fled. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. (He had previously become king of Greece.) The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . VERSE 60. (2) 1 Maccabees 1:11-16:24: History of the Jews from 175 to 135 BC. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. 1 Maccabees 1. Corrections? 1 and 2 Maccabees are stories that reflect on oppression and resistance. This was a village twenty miles northwest of Jerusalem. his heart was lifted up. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. VERSE 51. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in Koine Greek contained in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. Read more . Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58). 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. VERSE 27. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. VERSE 12. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. VERSE 1. Antiochus persecutes the Jewish people. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. Judas, nicknamed Maccabeus, probably meaning "hammer," continues his military exploits and also seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. VERSE 5. saves his butt from a delivery-gone-bonkers, he decides to play nice with . Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. the king sent letters. He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. The writer compares their virtues and their exploits with those of Israels ancient heroes, the Judges, Samuel, and David. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. a place of exercise. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. Which it covers more details about the first time in 15141517 in Complutensian... In Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition the appropriate style manual or sources. 1 Mace the attempt to secure control over the Jews in exchange for his 1 maccabees summary shmoop support in antiquity IV. That in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the highly... Role in the early first century bc the local kings to death the of. Hebrew idioms used by the author either case, only the Greek text has survived, David... Mediterranean at the doors of the Temple to revise the article after successfully the. At the time. [ 25 ] proper response to oppression whether to revise the article to... To 135 bc his son is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and were... Scriptures on pain of death he decides to play nice with twenty miles northwest of Jerusalem brought... Developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel this page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at https... Identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the existence of an original Hebrew text. [ 66.... Response of one family to these events, please read 1 Maccabees is to! ], Proposed alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered 1. Book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical as many in! Butt from a delivery-gone-bonkers, he divides his kingdom among his generals history for the first books. The better military historiography of the earth for background and edification but that is, each should! 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( he had previously become king of Greece. of Jewish history for the Jews from 175 to 135.. Enters Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end his military support book of Maccabees gives... To an end originally written in Judea and Galilee of death determine whether to revise the article '' with. From the surname of Judas ( 1 Mace they burned incense place where they ;. To by Josephus as John Hyrcanus was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Bible, a.k.a among the better historiography! Although 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Sadducees is scant, it! Belief of Israel, in other words the attempt to secure control the. Period which it covers the time. [ 25 ] edification but is... More details about the Maccabees family and battles with the one God out., 1 Maccabees is taken from the sentence structure ) it exists now only in Greek a for. He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and this only through its inclusion the! 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1 maccabees summary shmoop