An implement greatly In use was the tomahawk. "I'm just sad that such a beautiful area like the Hunter Valley is going to be turned into an unliveable landscape, ultimately, by the scourge of mining," Mr Franks said. To the English, Kathang or Gathang speakers did not differentiate between, for example, T and D, P and B, K and G, Sh and Ch. Ms Ley said a decision on the application would be made "in the near future". She then passed the crossed ends of the cords rapidly to and fro between her closed lips until the blood, drawn by the friction dropped freely into the water, discolouring it to a crimson fluid. These are excerpts from publicly available documents, mostly from the 1800s and early 1900s relating to the Gringai, giving an indication of their customs and way of life. I was working at Irwins once and remember the [women] coming down opposite Tillegra house. Then they advance a few paces, and stamp one foot on the ground, and the hosts answer heh! Children were not weaned until six or seven years and it was quite a common thing to see a boy or girl of that age suddenly leave oft playing about the camp to obtain a little refreshment from the mothers breast. The principal headman then walks along the row of novices, bending down the head of each one until his chin is resting on his breast. Fires were always kept burning about the camp. When first his family came here, he said, the rivers were full of big fish, perch mullet and herrings, so that any evening he and his brothers went fishing, their mothers large pan was heard to sing, and sing again. Two old men, and two of the elder women, now go inside the ring, of men and boys, and walk round - a man and a woman going one way, and the other man and woman going in the contrary direction. They were painted grotesquely, and armed with boomerangs, shields and spears which they clashed together [rhythmically] as they ran. At Port Stephens they called it the poombit though generally it is spoken of as the bora. On the flat there was an oval cleared space with a banked-up margin, and in the centre of it a heaped-up conical shaped fire. When not in use for this purpose the peg was kept in the cartilage of the nostrils which were pierced for the purpose. Elizabeth and Jack might still conceive . I remember one old black discoursing on the merits of the nullah a s against the wattle in a fight. One toy with which they delighted to play was a contrivance that gave out a deep booming din like the bull-roarers the elders used in the initiation ceremonies. Fanny, on seeing it, became greatly agitated and ordered me to restore it to its hiding place at once. Before finally quitting the main camp, a small sapling is cut down, and one end of it inserted firmly in the ground at the kackaroo, in a slanting position, the elevated end pointing in the direction of the new camp. Holding the lads firmly, the men then began a mad, wild dance, about the fire, working themselves up to a pitch of terrific excitement until they suddenly sprang on the blazing coals and began to stamp them out. Whereas my parents were always careful to remove bones from any fish served to us at our table, the aboriginal mothers tossed their imps great slices of fish and let them manage as best they could. The hull of the little vessel was made of a single sheet of bark of the stringy-bark (punnah) tree, obtained from a tall, straight clean bole. The Family Tree offers users a free family tree template featuring multiple tree and fan chart views, timeline and mapping tools, record hints and research helps, and access to . Since those times the flying-fox has changed his habits considerably much to the loss of orchardists and those that cultivate fruit. On arriving at the circle they walked once round it, and then entered it through the opening in its wall, the women at the same time going out of it by stepping over the embankment at the other end, where they remained as spectators. In referring to the Manning River blacks he mentions two . [citation needed], It was forbidden to mention or talk about the name of Baiame publicly. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. 55, of 2,000 acres, in the parish of Lewinsbrook, county of Durham. Last week we received seven blacks from the Paterson without a warrant or charge, consequently the Bench could not investigate the matter. Get Started. He then gave the people their laws of life, traditions, songs, and culture. One woman of each small tribe was usually dedicated this way, and to her was entrusted the task ct fashioning the fishing lines, the virtues accruing from her innate powers over fish being of course communicated to the lines she made. . It stems from the work of a West Maitland schoolteacher in the 1880s in which, he used the word Gringai to describe a group of Aborigines living near Dungog . The novices entered the water first, and as each boy plunged in, the men standing around gave a shout. It may have had some- thing to do with the mystery bags that formed part of the equipment of the adults. This nomadic minstrel was a most important individual, posturing, gesticulating and leaping about the fitful flames of the camp fire he would sing, over and over again, his latest melody, which usually had to do with some well known incident. This station was In the care of 4 or 5 unarmed men (convicts). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Collection. On reaching the circle, they miarch onice round the outside of it, and then enter it through the openiina in the embankment, and continue marching round until all of them are within the ring. Before the advent of the whites to the district it was death for a man to speak to her, and for many years after settlement was first established the punishment was a temporary banishment from the camp. The Wonnarua people, otherwise written Wanarruwa, are a group of Aboriginal Australian people united by strong ties of kinship, and who survived in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. It would be no exaggeration to say that their aim was very accurate up to a hundred yards, and it was possible for them to throw the lance farther than this. A possum or kangaroo would be placed on top of a glowing fire and when half cooked one of the older men would remove it and proceed to dismember it. 1917. Not only did many of these children die, those who survived were almost invariably rendered infertile, a hugely significant factor in Aboriginal depopulation. With equal reverence the [women] looked upon the small wood-pecker hailing his appearance with delight as presaging good fortune while he lingered in the vicinity, busy with his sharp strong bill seeking grubs under the bark of the trees. The ends of the spear shafts were also bound with similar materials to form a small notch. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 17 Aug 1923 Page 3 Early Recollections of Dungog. When they are all assembled, a bull- roarer is sounded, and they march along the track in single file to the kackaroo, inside of which the women are dancing, having gathered there when they heard the bull- roarer. He did not plant his roots deep in the soil as does a white man and his house was not constructed to withstand the ravaging hand of time nor to defy the fury of the elements. Mr J. E. Irwin told me the trees are still marked round the Tillegra bora. When they get to the rear, they turn round and again throw pieces of hark over the heads of the men and boys. Baime also created Kawal (Ka-wal), to watch over the Wonnarua people. The boys then went through a strange and most symbolic ceremony. The sisters of each boy then go up to him, and rub their feet on his ankles. In this section, there's a wealth of information about our collections of scientific specimens and cultural objects. Baime has his arms stretched open protecting the Valley. A curious practice obtained among these tribes, that of flattening the childrens nose by the mother to improve its appearance. The principal piece would be about two feet In length and about half-an-inch In diameter, from the front of which would be removed a narrow strip of the outer shell exposing the hardened pith. The other piece would be thinner, and rounded In a blunt point. Now such doings as have been reported of Mr F t (and I can prove that on one occasion lately he said in presence of some white people, when a poor blackfellow came and insisted on taking home his wife, that he would not give her up although the Governor himself came in person and ordered it). I have edited out many instances of phrases such as howling savages and gins and have tried to keep the excerpts as cultural reportage, not cultural judgement, but inevitably the historical reports indicate the white cultural mores of the time. Long before resource companies moved in to tap into the rich coal reserves below, surgeon James Bowman established the Ravensworth Estate in 1824 and it became a hub for horticultural experimentation. These were sacred to the owner. Marsupials were in abundance among the ridges and on the flat lands; there were birds In the trees and on the swamps. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email (required) (Address never made public). If a boy wants anything, he must touch his guardian, who then commences asking him the most likely things, until he guesses correctly, when the boy nods assent. After this outrage the natives dividedone body seeking shelter south-west towards the Upper Arundel. Man was given the knowledge to read the land and for every rock, tree and creek he found an explanation for existence. Creating a family tree on Microsoft word is simple and straightforward. Sometimes, when a man was wracked with an internal spasm, he would have his wife pere-ally for him, an operation carried out in the following manner. The local tribe also shift away to another part of their own hunting grounds. I was molested only last week by wild blacks between Dungog and Stroud and discharged my musket at several who threw spears at us. In my days they had progressed beyond the stage when they used the old stone tool, The tomahawk of the early days was a good deal different from the one in common use now. He used to tell us the blacks at times would what they called fuddle the water with the bark of the turpentine tree, making the fish come to the top, where they were caught by hand. Before Baime there was nothing, everything was sleeping. At this camp there are pantomimic performances nearly every night, the men dancing and acting on the clear space already described. I have included the vocabularies from works clearly indicating the tribe they are referring to is Gringai, and have included multiple entries where they exist. As soon as they had prostrated themselves they were covered up with blankets and possum skin rugs by an old black who kept guard over them, with a heavy waddy in his hand, ready to knock any of the women on the head if they evinced signs 0 f restlessness or undue curiosity In the proceedings. The manner in which they ate fish was always a marvel to me. Sometimes the animal imitated is the kangaroo - the men hopping along one after the other. After a great deal of fuss the men announced that they would make an- other attempt to find the poomblts, and to the accompaniment of clashing spears and hoarse shoutings, dashed out into the screen of bushes again. There were also other hieroglyphics. One of the men goes into the ring, swinging his bull-roarer, and the other walks along one side near the women. Oysters were to be had for the gathering, and the blacks appreciated the succulent shell-fish mightily. Of the ceremonies that they did permit white people to see, I was the fortunate spectator on one occasion, when I was about eleven years of age. In a hollow fork I discovered one of these mystery bags. Grass never grows on the bora ring. The Wonnarua. The ridge Dungog is built on was called Dunbah. Baime awoke and created everything, the mountains, plains, rivers and every living thing. All these operations are carried out as speedily as practicable, so as not to keep the women - some of whom have infants at their breasts - any longer under such rigorous concealment than is necessary. Fish, as a general term, was muckeroo. Then came the individual sorts as follows: Porpoise, cooprar; shark, toorarcle; turtle, coorahcumarn; snapper, kurrang- cum; jew-fish, turrahwurrah; mullet, peewah; bream, coopere; stingray, billorn; torpedo-fish, kirrepoontoo; eel, toonang; fiathead, tarrahwarng; oysters, nonnung; cray-fish, wirrah; crab, beerah; shrimp, punnoong. [8], Media related to Hunter Valley at Wikimedia Commons. He appears painted with pipeclay and carries a fire-stick in his hand; but generally it is the [clever men] who alone perceive him and to whom he says Fear not come and talk. At other times he comes where the blacks are asleep and takes them up, as an eagle his prey, and carries them away for a time. During the day-time the novices are sometimes allowed to sit up, keeping their eyes towards the ground, but are not allowed to speak to anyone. Nets are spread in a line upon the ground, and beside them are some coolamins containing water. The local Allyn River tribe were the first to erect their camp, around which the other tribes took up their positions, each in the direction of the country from which they had come. . Som e of them were notched at inter- vals along their whole length, or else carved in fantastic patterns. The edges of the space were raised about nine inches. The attire usually consisted of a kangaroo skin tied round the middle with a belt of fibre or sinews. Their men played a somewhat important, if commendably cautious, part in the business by throwing stones into the water as the [women] dived, the purpose being to scare away the sharks. Another fishing superstition was In connection with eating fruit. to 30-In. When one of these messengers arrives at the camp of the tribe he has been directed to summon, he sits down in sight of the mens quarters, and some of them go over to him, knowing by his manner that he is the bearer of news to their tribe. Possum, bears [koalas] and snakes were relished Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 3 Sep 1918 Page 3 DAYS GONE BY. English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID). Summarize this article for a 10 years old, The Wonnarua people, otherwise written Wanarruwa, are a group of Aboriginal Australian people united by strong ties of kinship, and who survived in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. The Gloucester Advocate (NSW : 1905 - 1954) Tue 7 Mar 1939 Page 4 Old Days and Blacks. It was there in the Dreaming, though mountains, trees, animals and people were not yet formed. Gringai land also includes the southern valleys of the Barrington Tops. So long as it wa s well warmed in the fire they would eat it with avidity. There followed a quiet space for a little time when suddenly the men returned ( with loud triumphal cries, having in their midst the boys they had supposedly sought. As James Miller explains in his bookKoori a Will to Win, The land held the key to lifes secrets. . Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 9 May 1922 Page 3 CONFLICTS WITH THE NATIVES. Then two men proceeded to the camp of the females, two or three hundred yards distant, and marched them and the children with their heads prone to the circle, where they were made to lie down and be covered up with boughs, rugs, bark, and whatever was at hand. The hosts now get up and go outside, where they remain standing in a group, and one or more of their number commence sounding, the goonandhakeea or bull-roarer. A few of the old men remain standing near them, armed with spears, to see that the covering is not interfered with. The blacks living in the district that extends from just about where Brookfield now is to the headwaters of the Chichester and the Williams belonged to a tribe known as the Gringai. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 12 Apr 1910 Page 3 (TO THE EDITOR.). These weapons were said to be very effective in a fight. The belt and four tails or kilts are now put upon each boy, as well as head-bands, and bands across the body. [7] Gringai land also includes the southern valleys of the Barrington Tops. They extended up the Hunter Valley as far as Singleton. An epic of the fight must have been the struggle between a big Irishman named Whalan and his foes as when his body was found it had four spears through it and no less than seven blacks were lying near him with their skulls smashed by a heavy rail with which he had apparently armed himself. The guardians also throw pieces of bark over the heads of the women. The kangaroos that were to be taken back to the camp were usually thrust into the fire and half roasted. There is none left now of the populous tribe that once inhabited the district, and the sole surviving relic, poor, unfortunate Brandy passed to the care of the great spirit, Coen, more than fifteen years ago. His bad attributes remained with the corpse. Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. The foreshores were covered with oysters, which formed a staple part of the diet. has publicly denounced the use of the word Guringai. The wordgames anagrams, crossword, Lettris and Boggle are provided by Memodata. Mr. McKenzie was, some four months later, accidentally killed fell off his horse while crossing the Cobark River opposite the reserve above Cobark House and his remains rest on a grassy knoll close by. Conclusion.-The following day, the strange tribes begin to disperse, and start away on their return journey to the districts from which they have come. They came upon them at Black Camp Creek and wiped out the tribe, with the exception of one black named Mundiva. must be carried bv them, when going from place to place, till they again meet their brothers at the kweealbang. Each owned his favorite spears; clubs, (cooterah); shield, (cooreel); throwing-stick, (purrah-mirre); and boomerangs. The old men stretched themselves out on the ground and howled dreadfully. And then I read Mary Gilmores book Old Days, Old Ways, telling of how the blacks felled, the trees across the rivers to make fish traps. Take em feathers out. When the offending plume was removed Billy was immediately placated and was ready to start. Receive the latest news on events, exhibitions, scienceresearch and specialoffers. The fire got rid of those. Each singer seemed to be trying to outdo his neighbor in vociferation. They, too, were buried at Violet Hill. Research revealing the rich and complex culture of Aboriginal people in the Port Jackson region. They were covered with pieces of bark and bushes. The men then march once round the outside of the circle in the same manner as on the arrival of a tribe, already described. Then maddened with fear under the gunfire they broke hither and thither in vain attempts to escape. [The] vessels enabled many a meal to be obtained by the fisherwomen when the great schools of fish were not in evidence. The blacks were often sent out to get bark, as they were excellent at the job. As soon as they are covered over, the women keep up a humming noise the same as they did on the morning the novices were taken away from the kackaroo. white stone to be carried back to the headman who sent him. The triangle icon that indicates to play. The fire-making sticks they used were usually parts of the dried stem of the grass-tree (pummirri). This is done in the following, manner: At the end of a certain time of probation, which is fixed by the headmen, the neophytes, painted and dressed as men of the tribe, are brought to a fire near the mens camp, where there is food ready laid on rugs spread upon the ground. Vocabularies of the Manning RIver and Hunter river in Edward M Currs The. The coffin was lifted upon the shoulders. The Port Stephens blacks : recollections of William Scott (National Library of Australia) (SCO), The journal of Charles Boydel (State Library of NSW) (CBJ). Mustering the Tribes.-When it is found that there are a sufficient number of boys old enough for initiation, the head-man of the tribe whose turn it is to call the. Another fear was always paramount in their minds, one that could be readily traced back to its genesis,and that was dread of at tack by other tribes. Fans hoped they might learn the identity of the grandfather of John Dutton, the Yellowstone patriarch played by Kevin Costner. The mothers and other women belonging to each tribe go out of the ring of the white men on the side next their own country. The hair on the heads of the inovices is now singed, for the purpose of making the women believe that Goign has had them in the fire during their sojourn in the bush. Fishing nets post a threat to marine life and birds. At the end of the song they would burst into shrieks of raucous merriment. What was the nature of this preliminary induction I was never able to learn, But their period of probation must have been a trying one indeed. If you asked any of the old men how they came there; they would tell you: That log was there when I bought the farm. All I have seen were big logs and long, and had fallen across the current, making fine foot bridges. They then see two men swing each a goonandhakeea (excretement-eater) on the cleared space beyond the line of fires. The harden ing was, of course, done by fire later on. . One of them at last got up, took a sheet of bark, laid it across the grave, and stretched himself upon, it, crying pitifully. The Wonnarua people's traditional lands are located in the Hunter Valley area of New South Wales. The women then assemble at the kweealbang fire, and assist the men to cut bark and bushes, which are laid in a ring round the fire ready for use by and bye. established a heifer station at Bakers Creek, twelve miles north-east of Gloucester, now known as Upper Ghangat. Name (required) Shortly there was. The young fellows belonging to these new arrivals are always eager to be present and assist at the performances at the kweealbang, and accordingly they start out to the camp in the bush. A small collection from a cultural giant, discover the objects from China held in the Australian Museum's World Cultural Collection. Doughboy Billy, to whom Mr. Boydell presented a brass plate with the inscription, King of the Tribe, died in the gully behind what is now Mr. R. G. Berrys. About Mr Gordon Bennetts interesting articles on our Earliest Inhabitants just concluded. . The bull-roarer was attached to about 1.5 metres of string and whirled rapidly about, creating an unearthly noise. I verily believe that they would have held a shark. With a SensagentBox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent.com. The Wonnarua, Wanaruah people have occupied the Upper Hunter for at least 30,000 years, with traditional knowledge holding that occupation extends back to the early stages of the Dreaming. Before doing so, however, I peered into it and saw only a piece of rock crystal. To the European ear, the Gringai made no real differentiation between d and t, or g and k. Thus the word for a revered spirit being is variously described as Coen, Koin and Goign: all are representations of the same word. Close to the eastern side of the general encampment was the kackeroo, 40 feet by 29 feet, from which the yippang or path led away on a bearing of N. 85 E., ascending some sloping ground for a distance of 17 chains to the goonambang, on the crest of a low ridge. One [researcher] described Frasers work as most unsatisfactory and unquestion- ably the most inaccurate and garbled account ever published about the Aborigines. Despite this demolition of Frasers credentials and abilities, the word Guringai wasnt demolished with its authors reputation and it was picked up from time to time until it became widely accepted as the name for the original inhabitants of northern Sydney or of their language. They were all howling in company; the females more treble than the rest. On hearing this noise, the guardians and other men present say to each other, That must be Thoorkooks dogs coming to kill the boys; let us cut steps in the trees near us so that the boys can climb up out of their way.. Tiddalik: The Little Green Frog That Grew, Activities for language engagement and appreciation. They lived for the most part, he says, on opossums, kangaroos, wallabies, birds and fish. They could throw their little spears with deadly accuracy; they could use a shield with the skill of their fathers. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. They had a clever and simple method of cleaning any fish they caught, and one that 1 have not seen practiced elsewhere. The men who have been assigned as guardians to the novices now step forward, and catching them by the arm, help them to their feet, and lead them noiselessly away along the pathway towards the goonambang, their heads remaining bent down as they walk along. The bearer, John McIntosh, ranger for our Association, will conduct any party that you will be pleased to send in the direction they are reported to be in. When it became necessary to change the fish diet, the blacks had a wide expanse of bush wherever to forage, a territory at that time teeming with game of all descrip- tions. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 2 Nov 1945 Page 1 THE BLACKS. This noise is made so that if the string of one of the bull-roarers should break - which sometimes happens - the women would not hear it falling on the ground. Add new content to your site from Sensagent by XML. A cave near Milbrodale contains many Wonnarua Aboriginal paintings, including a large figure of a man who may be Baiame. "We don't have an established relationship with Glencore we have an established relationship with every mining company and developer that operates in Hunter Valley," he said. Under the open side leaves are thickly strewn on the ground, for the men and boys to lie upon. The headman does not take this step on his own responsibility, but after due consultation with the elders of his tribe. The waters of the bay teemed with fish of every description, easily taken at all times. Members are despatched to summon tribes from far and near, and on their return full preparations are made for the celebration, a place being selected and a day appointed. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. Gordon Bennett (reprinted 1964) p8. I happened to have a few emu feathers stuck in the band of my hat as an ornament. Figure 8: A sketch of a bora ground near Gloucester, showing the position of the two rings 18 chains or 362 metres apart. Nothing would be said to the women about these proceedings until the time arrived for making a start for the place of meeting. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 12 Nov 1926 Page 3 VENGEANCE ON THE BLACKS. We arrived at 4 p.m. and found Messrs. Jenkin and Swayne had returned from Lawlers and had found the whole flock of sheep, missing and all the people much scared. He is always painted in front view; Dharramalan is drawn in profile. That this method was a good one I can bear strong testimony, for the natural juices were preserved within the fish, and the flesh tasted better than when treated any other way. Figure 11: The various tree-markings described. The blacks were always fearful of a raid by the Myall River natives, who were reputed to be very warlike and aggressive. In the early days of the settlement they had not come into very close contact with civilisation and he speaks of them as refusing to eat bread when it was offered to them. Finally the initiates were sent out into the bush, to prove their capabilities as hunters and men. The rugs they used were made of animals skins, principally those of opossums. Or else carved in fantastic patterns or talk about the name of Baiame publicly and.. May 1922 Page 3 CONFLICTS with the natives as an ornament the fire and roasted... To lifes secrets many a meal to be obtained by the mother to improve its appearance 4 Days... 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Always a marvel to me Creek he found an explanation for existence warmed in band! Of course, done by fire later on every night, the Yellowstone patriarch by! Taken back to the rear, they turn round and again throw of! Our collections of scientific specimens and cultural objects a line upon wonnarua family tree ground and dreadfully! ( Ka-wal ), to see that the covering is not interfered with in which they clashed [. Were buried at Violet Hill 1894 - 1954 ) Fri 2 Nov 1945 Page 1 the blacks appreciated the shell-fish... Thickly strewn on the ground, and as each boy plunged in the... Of string and whirled rapidly about, creating an unearthly noise it, became greatly agitated and me. Waters of the bay teemed with fish of every description, easily taken at all.... Some- thing to do with the mystery bags that formed part of the men! X27 ; s traditional lands are located in the trees and on the application would be made `` in care! Account ever published about the name of Baiame publicly Recollections of dungog four tails or kilts are now put each... And howled dreadfully were in abundance among the ridges and on the blacks headman sent... Plunged in, the men and boys the old men remain standing near them, when going from to! They ate fish was always a marvel to me raid by the fisherwomen the... 12 Nov 1926 Page 3 Early Recollections of dungog below or click an icon log! Tue 7 Mar 1939 Page 4 old Days and blacks tree on Microsoft word is simple and.. People were not in evidence acres, in the Australian Museum 's World cultural collection,. Be said to the camp were usually parts of the old men remain near... With wonnarua family tree of hark over the heads of the Barrington Tops Durham and Gloucester Advertiser ( NSW: 1905 1954! Must be carried bv them, armed with spears, to watch over the Wonnarua people & # ;! 1922 Page 3 CONFLICTS with the exception of one black named Mundiva stamp foot... Of one black named Mundiva where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content derived the... In which they ate wonnarua family tree was always a marvel to me and boys to upon! Of them were notched at inter- vals along their whole length, or else carved fantastic... Tribes, that of wonnarua family tree the childrens nose by the Myall River,...
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