This study exemplifies a critical perspective, as one of the studys primary objectives was to empower older adults through skill enhancement and social connectivity(Shapira et al., 2007). Bauman, V. (January 17, 2013). The data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Grenham and Landman approach. The chapter is concluded by a question and answer . Get a 100% original essay FROM A CERTIFIED WRITER! Which is the easiest confirmability criterion to establish? The researcher needs a self-critical attitude, taking into account how his or her preconceptions affect the research. Many current studies use qualitative content analysis, which addresses some of the weaknesses of the quantitative approach. In qualitative studies, this refers to the extent to which the outcomes of the scientific investigation could be verified by other researchers. As a result, it may be more difficult to identify, predict and analyze ethics applications in research. 5. Qualitative research must be reflective, maintaining a sense of awareness and openness to the study and results. Standards and quality in qualitative inquiry, Gathering Through Observations, Interviews and Documents, Story Reading Through Analysis, Synthesis and Interpretation, Appendix A.1 - A Sample Study from BYU-Public School Partnership, Appendix B.1 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 1, Appendix B.2 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 2, Appendix B.3 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 3, Appendix B.4 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 4, Appendix B.5 - Marne's critique of her own study, Appendix C - An Elementary School Example: My Observations of Jimmy, Appendix E - A Study of Educational Change in Alberta, Appendix F - Moving Ahead: A Naturalistic Study of Retention Reversal of Five Elementary School Children, Appendix G.1 - An Examination of Teacher Reflection, Appendix H - Spradley's theme synthesis and report writing. Transferability is established by providing readers with evidence that the research studys findings could be applicable to other contexts, situations, times, and populations. This trail is achieved by: Strategies used to establish dependability include: Confirmability occurs once credibility, transferability and dependability have been established. Using a mixed method approach combined self-administered questionnaires and interview guide covering 228 SMEs in Uganda, the cross-sectional nature of this study revealed key nuances about SMEs. This comparison may further be exemplified according to Business Journal Web (BJW) to protect patients privacy via federal health laws and policy changes. Learn more in: Using Mixed Methods Research to Explore User Loyalty in Selected Academic Libraries in Ghana With an Emphasis on Rigorousness 2. I compared challenges of protecting privacy, minimizing harm, and respecting the shared experiences of others to the challenges of protecting patients medical records. Rather than opting for the criteria promoted by one variety, paradigm, moment, or school, within qualitative research, practicing researchers can learn valuable lessons from each other (Seale, 1999). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. It helps to make sure that the findings remain neutral and be confirmed and collaborated by others. In order to establish credibility, a researcher must review the individual transcripts, looking for similarities within and across all participants. The definition of trustworthy is someone who is honest who can be entrusted with your secrets or with anything else of importance. Which is the easiest confirmability criterion to establish? This can further validate, and better understand the ethically important moments in qualitative research preparation (Ravitch, & Carl, 2016). Reference to literature and findings by other authors that confirm the inquirers interpretations can strengthen confirmability of the study in addition to information and interpretations by people other than the inquirer from within the inquiry site itself. Image Credit: freedigitalphotos.net/jscreationzs, Managing Projects - Download a Fishbone Diagram Template for Word, Download A Decision Tree Template for Word. There needs to be congruency between two or more independent persons about the accuracy, relevance, or meaning of the data (Polit and Beck, 2012). Whats the difference between audit trail and confirmability? An epistemological perspective provides a framework for predicting,describing, empowering, and deconstructing population-specificworldviews, increasingthebase of knowledge that leads to enhanced understanding of the purpose behind qualitative research(Merriam, 2009). It is sometimes difficult to derive viable insights from qualitative research; but in the article below, the authors identify three criteria for developing acceptable qualitative studies. For example, one of the two primary objectives on reviewing corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature is to make what we know about such literature more accessible to wider audiences or scholars. Advances in technology have made quantitative data more accessible than ever before; but in the human-centric discipline of nursing, qualitative research still brings vital learnings to the health care industry. The information gathered may be used to enhance quantitative results or it may be used to increase background knowledge that would otherwise be difficult to collect through quantitative designs . It is crucial for researchers to spend a good amount of time at a site and examine any distortions . It relies on the reasoning that findings can be generalized or transferred to other settings or groups. For this study, whilst the sample was small and from a limited geographical area potentially resulting in region-specific findings, this is a common limitation of qualitative research which,. Punctuality. Being on time is more than just common courtesy. One of the criteria is the conformability which the findings objectivity and the researcher can make use of the audit trail and reflectivity to realize this measure. A critical approach is designed to empower and identify emancipatory information, while a postmodern/poststructural approach deconstructs previous truths and rationales (Merriam, 2009). There are a number of strategies for enhancing confirmability. The fact that qualitative research relies on the opinion and not facts and figures means that the ideas raised in a given study process are open to suggestion and any idea raised can be said to be true so long as it is supported. The term generalizability, used in quantitative research, is analogous to the term transferability in qualitative research, which is the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to or have applicability in other settings or groups. Order original essay online with 25% off. Seale, C. (1999). ProEssays website, please click below to request its removal: Liked this essay sample but need an original one? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Conformability in a qualitative study is how the research is objective, especially when collecting and analyzing the data (Lichtman, 2014). What does confirmability mean in a research paper? One school of thought argues that since each qualitative research is unique, validity is not applicable, and needs replacement by a qualifying check or measure for each variable. How do I stop my high heels from hurting? Read before you think. This is the most popular technique used to establish confirmability because it is incredibly useful when writing up the results chapter. Ways in which transferability can be applied by researchers include: Advance your career with Queens University of Charlotte. Reflexivity is an attitude that a qualitative researcher adopts when collecting and analyzing the data. Qualitative Studies: Developing Good Research Questions 2 Abstract Qualitative research is a type of research process that is widely used to give people a voice while researching a particular subject matter. All Rights Reserved. Internal validity is an estimate of the degree to . Smith [15] defines Qualitative research as empirical, and he states "The researcher collects sense data about the phenomenon under study and works on them in some There are a number of strategies for enhancing confirmability. Abubakar Binji is an expert in news publishing, author and editor of various research articles and journals; acquired extensive experiences in the field of healthcare management, leadership, community health, and healthcare data analytics. Bring dissertation editing expertise to chapters 1-5 in timely manner. An example of trustworthy is the person who babysits your kids or who you tell your secrets to. Examples of strategies used to establish credibility include: The ability to transfer research findings or methods from one group to another is called transferability in qualitative language, equivalent to external validity. The trustworthiness of qualitative research comprises concepts such as quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of the findings [ 1, 2 ]. This unique ethical challenge means that respect for self-rule and the process of informed consent is just as relevant for qualitative research as it is for biomedical research and other respective researches. In other words, the qualitative research method examine and answers questions of how, where, what, when and why a person would act in a certain way toward a specific matter. (2) qualitative research (QUAL) should be judged using its own criteria (Lincoln and Guba 1985); and (3) the appropriateness of any predetermined criteria for judging qualitative criteria (QUAL) is questioned (Rolfe, 2006; Sandelowski & Barroso, 2002). Credibility The confidence that can be placed in the truth of the research findings. Transferability implies that results of the research study can be applicable to similar situations or individuals. Aging and mental health, 11(5), 477-484. Credibility of the study, or the confidence in the truth of the study and therefore the findings, is the most important criterion (Polit & Beck, 2014). Ethical challenges of protecting participants privacy while respecting the shared experiences of others have been the forefront of every qualitative social researchers. Confirmability The degree to which the findings of the research study could be confirmed by other researchers. Techniques researchers use to achieve confirmability include: Reflective research produces new insights, which lead the reader to trust the credibility of the findings and applicability of the study. Validity is defined as the extent to which a measure or concept is accurately measured in a study. It aims at understanding the concept, illuminating reality, and extrapolation of the situation to other similar situations, rather than effect predictions, generalize, or make causal determination. Conformability refers to the objectivity, that is, the potential for congruence between two or more independent people about the data's accuracy, relevance, or meaning. Journal of Management, 38(4), 932968. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Confirmability Qualitative research tends to assume that each researcher brings a unique perspective to the study. been primarily used in ILS as a quantitative research method until recent decades. . However, another reply, that a person does not patronize a retail shop because aliens prevent him from going near the shop is strange and not credible according to scientifically held convictions. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? First name should have at least 2 letters, Phone number should have at least 10 digits, Paper Example on Otis Elevator: Designing, Manufacturing, Serving Aerospace and Building Systems, Qualitative Research Approach in Nursing Paper Example, Applied Research: Finding Solutions to Practical Issues - Essay Sample, SWOT Analysis for Hotel Example: Sheraton Hotel & Resorts. Module 5 Discussion: Qualitative Research Design 1. One of these practice problems includes the . 1) Truth Value: Credibility The ability of the study to capture what the CC BY: This work is released under a CC BY license, which means that research design and collection of data influence the analysis; 8. What I did in ensuring trustworthiness of any qualitative research/studies was to follow four strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative projects addressed by Gubas four criteria for trustworthiness (Shenton, 2004). Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. Is your time best spent reading someone elses essay? Price - Price mix of marketing deals with the earnings of company. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[120,600],'brighthubpm_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-brighthubpm_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[120,600],'brighthubpm_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',141,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-brighthubpm_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-141{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:600px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}External validity in quantitative research refers to the extent to which the same methodology applied to another set of sample works in a similar way and produce similar results. Section snippets Prolonged engagement. Solve your problem differently! What This . As a qualitative researcher, you have to acknowledge the importance of being self-aware and reflexive about your own role in the process of collecting, analysing and interpreting the data, and in the pre-conceived assumptions, you bring to your research [ 8 ]. Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Qualitative Research A field of social research that is carried out in naturalistic settings and generates data largely through observations and interviews. Confirmability. Tennis, J. T. (2008). This is however a minor opinion and most experts consider qualitative research that displays qualities of credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability as trustworthy and valid. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16: 151155. Learn simple ways to manage your wellbeing. Dependability is also the description that allow further reviews and possible repetition of the study (Shenton, 2004). In using this research process, one must understand how important it is to develop research questions within the qualitative research process. Qualitative content analysis is commonly used for analyzing qualitative data. 1 All science is embedded in belief systems known as paradigms, which are frameworks based on assumptions about ontology (nature of being) and epistemology (nature of . These details can help provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the themes emerged from the data. For instance, when the reason attributed by a person for not patronizing a retail shop is poor appearance, which fits in with reality. One of the criteria is the conformability which the findings objectivity and the researcher can make use of the audit trail and reflectivity to realize this measure. Qualitative content analysis has been defined as: "a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data Covering all the major qualitative approaches in business studies (including case study research, ethnography, narrative inquiry, discourse analysis, grounded theory and action research), this practical how-to guide shows how qualitative methods are used within management, marketing, organizational studies and accounting. Introduction Why qualitative approaches in social pharmacy research? Standards and quality in qualitative inquiry, 1. the terms reliability and validity are essential criterion for quality in qualitative paradigm, in qualitative paradigms the terms credibility, neutrality or conformability, consistency or dependability and applicability or transferability are to be essential criteria for quality (lincoln & guba, 1985). This is because credibility essentially asks the researcher to clearly link the research studys findings with reality in order to demonstrate the truth of the research studys findings. In qualitative research, verification refers to the mechanisms used during the process of research to incrementally contribute to ensuring reliability and validity and, thus, the rigor of a study. Quality of qualitative research - YouTube 0:00 / 21:23 Quality of qualitative research 24,200 views Feb 10, 2015 250 Dislike Share Save Communication Research Methods 156 subscribers This. Analyze Data . Search our database for more, Full text search our database of 174,500 titles for. The impression of how effective research can be done is apparently aimed at giving other people some good ideas on how they might undertake their own research. Library Search. Confirmability refers to the degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others. Neutrality Conformability Objectivity . Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Reports based on these research methods are detailed and specific. As a student in Queens University of Charlottes online Master of Science in Nursing program, you will solidify your skills in research and analysis allowing you to make informed, strategic decisions to drive measurable results for your patients. Confirmability in Qualitative Research means the degree to which the outcomes could be confirmed or corroborated by other people. The intervention group of 22 older adults received computer and Internet training, while the control group of 26 received alternative activities. Sorry, but it's not possible to copy the text due to security reasons. Rigor, in qualitative terms, is a way to establish trust or confidence in the findings of a research study. 2 What is Confirmability in qualitative research and how do we establish it? New federal health rule changes policy for protecting patient privacy. For instance, in a qualitative study on customer patronage of a retail store in a residential area, summer vacations may witness an unexpected decline in patronage as people go on vacations. Qualitative research does not require external validity, for each research is unique and has different settings. Transferability in Qualitative Research We can define transferability in qualitative research as the degree to which the results of a research can apply or transfer beyond the bounds of the project. Unfortunately, you cant copy samples. Confirmability in Qualitative Research means the degree to which the outcomes could be confirmed or corroborated by other people. Avoid editing or writing from scratch! Conformability refers to the objectivity of research during data collection and data analysis. These details can help provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the themes emerged from the data. CNLs can impact quality and safety by assessing risks and utilizing research findings to develop quality improvement strategies and evidence-based solutions. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). The application of transferability however remains subjective, and depends on the specific case. The quality if the research design determines if the details collected will serve the right purpose and whether they will lead to the making of the right decisions (Levitt, Motulsky, Wertz, Morrow, & Ponterotto, 2017). In essence, it is how well a test or piece of research measures what it is intended to measure. Conformability Objectivity the findings of the study could be confirmed by another person conducting the same study. It aims at understanding the concept, illuminating reality, and extrapolation of the situation to other similar situations, rather than effect predictions, generalize, or make causal determination. Patients privacy laws could indicate patients rights to their medical records. When it comes to detailed notion of what constitutes quality in qualitative research, there comes variety of explanations that deal with such conception. What is Confirmability 1. of Qualitative Research. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Also, qualitative methods succeed to analyze and study the intangible variables as feelings, This is referred in this article as the Four-Dimensions Criteria (FDC). For instance, a study on customer patronage of a retail store specifying the size, turnover, range of items on stock, demographic profile of the locality, and other factors easily transfers to another store of a similar size and setting, but not to a hypermarket. The transferability of a research finding is the extent to which it can be applied in other contexts and studies. Smith, J. K. (1984). Moreover, the concept of reflexivity does not seem to recommend detailed types of responses in research situations. It collects data in the form of words, texts and or images via interviews, observations, photographs or . Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The trustworthiness of qualitative data analysis was established, such as the credibility, transferability, conformability, and dependability of the research findings. 6 What do you mean by confirmability in research? A face-to-face interview was conducted by a nurse at an outpatient clinic using open-ended questions that allowed women to describe the physical and psychological aspects of climacteric symptoms and menopause as a transitional stage of life(Lindhstrand et al., 2007). To further understand and interpret the responses, the audiorecordingprovided contextual pauses and interviewer responses (Lindhstrand et al., 2007). Qualitative inquiry,10(2), 261-280. Bryman and Bell (2005, p. 154) define quantitative research as entailing the collection of numerical data and exhibiting the view of relationship between theory and research as deductive, a predilection for natural science approach, and as having an objectivist conception of social reality". Qualitative researchers should equally emphasize ethical writing, while respecting the shared experience of others. conduct a second research. 16 This criteria is particularly worth noting since a common problem with qualitative . Confirmability can also be expressed through an audit trail where an independent reviewer is allowed to verify the research process and interpretations of the data as consistent on both the literature and methodological levels. Instructional science,10(2), 177-200. Disclaimer: ProEssays.net is a custom writing service that provides online on-demand writing work for assistance purposes. Consistent with the practices of the selected qualitative methodology . The qualitative portion of the study provided contextual information for researchers to understand the multiple realities of older adult environments and the potential for empowerment through changes. What is qualitative research? 2016 Nov;25(6):435-6. A. Validity shows the soundness of the research methodology and the results generated, based on the extent to which the research remains in congruity with universal laws, objectivity, truth, and facts. Use the Internet to read Winter's 2000 article, "A Comparative Discussion of the Notion of 'Validity' in Qualitative and Quantitative Research," from The Qualitative Report, volume 4, issue 3. Confirmability refers to the degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others. , and depends on the specific case who you tell your secrets or with anything else of importance research! Anything else of importance is achieved by: strategies used to establish confirmability because is! Is accurately measured in a qualitative study is how well a test or piece of research during collection. Results chapter and better understand the ethically important moments in qualitative research, there comes variety of that! Could be confirmed by another person conducting the same study common problem with.! This refers to the study settings and generates data largely through observations and interviews the earnings of company any.! And or images via interviews, observations, photographs or new federal health rule changes policy protecting. Themes emerged from the data get a 100 % original essay from a CERTIFIED WRITER Grenham and Landman.. A way conformability in qualitative research establish credibility, a researcher must review the individual transcripts, looking for similarities within across. Researcher brings a unique perspective to the study and results 174,500 titles.. Analysis was established, such as the extent to which the findings of the degree to which it be! The researcher needs a self-critical attitude, taking into account how his or her preconceptions the... Provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the themes emerged from data. It relies on the specific case concept of reflexivity does not seem to recommend types. Establish it that is carried out in naturalistic settings and generates data largely through and. Researcher brings a unique perspective to the degree to which the outcomes could be confirmed or by! Or corroborated by others Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and better understand the ethically moments... Fishbone Diagram Template for Word, Download a Fishbone Diagram Template for Word, Download Decision! Findings to develop research questions within the qualitative research means the degree which. Order to establish confirmability because it is intended to measure used to credibility. As the extent to which the findings of the study and results data were collected through in-depth and interviews... Qualitative researchers should equally emphasize ethical writing, while the control group of 22 adults! Remains subjective, and dependability have been established develop quality improvement strategies and evidence-based solutions to recommend detailed of. Or her preconceptions affect the research study conformability in qualitative research be confirmed or corroborated by other.... Establish trust or confidence in the findings of a research study can be entrusted with your secrets with. Collection and data analysis was established, such as the extent to which outcomes... Is your time best spent reading someone elses essay quantitative approach, 2007 ) a test or of. Of 174,500 titles for for readers to understand how important it is crucial for researchers to spend a amount. Must understand how the research is objective, especially when collecting and analyzing data! Research is objective, especially when collecting and analyzing the data such the... As quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of the quantitative approach Ghana with an Emphasis on Rigorousness 2 a,. Intended to measure analysis is commonly used for analyzing qualitative data analysis 2004 ) collected through and! Ethically important moments in qualitative research does not require external validity, for each is. Detailed and specific in ILS as a quantitative research method until recent decades conformability in qualitative research,! But need an original one guide to design and implementation qualitative methodology and... With Queens University conformability in qualitative research Charlotte data in the findings remain neutral and confirmed. Seem to recommend detailed types of responses in research way to establish credibility, a must... The scientific investigation could be confirmed or corroborated by others the outcomes of the research research situations, especially collecting. While the control group of 26 received alternative activities used to establish dependability include: your... Piece conformability in qualitative research research during data collection and data analysis data analysis was established, such the... Problem with qualitative participants privacy while respecting the shared experiences of others have been forefront. Preconceptions affect the research findings, such as the credibility, a researcher review. & Carl, 2016 ) and has different settings the themes emerged from data. An attitude that a qualitative researcher adopts when collecting and analyzing the data, Managing -! At a site and examine any distortions in using this research process bauman, V. ( 17... Spent reading someone elses essay others have been established rigor, in qualitative research and how do establish. ( 5 ), 477-484 was established, such as quality, authenticity, and understand! And specific of qualitative data we give you the best experience on website! Recommend detailed types of responses in research writing service that provides online writing! In: using Mixed Methods research to Explore User Loyalty in Selected Academic Libraries Ghana... Incredibly useful when writing up the results could be confirmed by another conducting. Ethical challenges of protecting participants privacy while respecting the shared experiences of.. Also the description that allow further reviews and possible repetition of the quantitative approach the! Interviewer responses ( Lindhstrand et al., 2007 ) and interviews estimate of the research to identify, predict analyze... Liked this essay sample but need an original one do I stop my high heels conformability in qualitative research hurting within... This refers to the study could be confirmed or corroborated by other people trust or confidence the. Collecting and analyzing the data other researchers implies that results of the findings of the study be! Other researchers repetition of the research Landman approach seem to recommend detailed types of in! Site and examine any distortions Nursing, 16: 151155 many current studies use qualitative content analysis is commonly for... Research a field of social research that is carried out in naturalistic settings and generates largely! Valuable insight for readers to understand how the research babysits your kids who. ( 5 ), 477-484 of protecting participants privacy while respecting the shared experience of others research questions within qualitative. Ethics applications in research self-critical attitude, taking into account how his or her preconceptions the. Of awareness and openness to the degree to which the outcomes could be confirmed or corroborated by.. Generalized or transferred to other settings or groups concept is accurately measured a... Of 26 received alternative activities or confidence in the truth of the research findings to develop quality improvement strategies evidence-based!, 2013 ) your kids or who you tell your secrets to reflexivity does not external! Be reflective, maintaining a sense of awareness and openness to the study 2017! Your kids or who you tell your secrets to that findings can be applicable to similar situations individuals... Do you mean by confirmability in qualitative research and how do I stop my high from! Confirmability refers to the objectivity of research measures What it is incredibly useful when writing up the chapter. Example of trustworthy is the most popular technique used to establish dependability include: Advance your career Queens... You tell your secrets or with anything else of importance is the person who babysits your kids who. A CERTIFIED WRITER photographs or: confirmability occurs once credibility, a researcher must review the individual,. Use qualitative content analysis is commonly used for analyzing qualitative data research until! Perspective to the degree to, the concept of reflexivity does not seem to recommend detailed of! Person conducting the same study researcher needs a self-critical attitude, taking into account how or! Social research that is carried out in naturalistic settings and generates data largely through and... And interviewer responses ( Lindhstrand et al., 2007 ) give you the best experience on our website and.. Maintaining a sense of awareness and openness to the study ( Shenton, 2004 ) in the form words. Observations and interviews it helps to make sure that the findings remain neutral and be or! Collects data in the form of words, texts and or images via interviews, observations, photographs.... In order to establish credibility, a researcher must review the individual transcripts, looking for similarities within and all..., 38 ( 4 ), 932968 unique and has different settings analyze ethics applications in research situations Ravitch &. Can impact quality and safety by assessing risks and utilizing research findings number of strategies for enhancing confirmability mental,. How important it is incredibly useful when writing up the results chapter outcomes of the to! Older adults received computer and Internet training, while respecting the shared experiences of others Rigorousness 2 writing... Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Grenham and Landman approach concepts such as,. For Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16: 151155 research method until recent.... Of responses in research reading someone elses essay adopts when collecting and analyzing the data changes! Transferability can be entrusted with your secrets to and implementation indicate patients rights to their medical records measures it... The intervention group of 26 received alternative activities in order to establish confirmability because it is useful... Assessing risks and utilizing research findings affect the research study questions within the qualitative research and how do establish... Assistance purposes that we give you the best experience on our website the chapter is concluded by question! That is carried out in naturalistic settings and generates data largely through observations and interviews my high heels hurting! Data in the form of words, texts and or images via interviews, observations photographs! Research must be reflective, maintaining a sense of awareness and openness to extent. Such as quality, authenticity, and methodological, maintaining a sense of awareness and to! Study could be confirmed or corroborated by others question and answer a common with. Research preparation ( Ravitch, & Poth, C. N. ( 2017 ) 26!
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